KBpedia Knowledge Ontology
type: Ontology
version IRI: v160
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
imports: skos-owl1-dl.rdf
editorial note: Ultimately, this version of KKO is provisional. That is so not only because of the truth of fallibility espoused by CSP. This version is also provisional because of needed scholastics. To our knowledge, this is the first knowledge representation usable by computers that attempts to embrace Peircean principles in all of its aspects. Being first also means little scrutinized. We hope other scholars of Charles Sanders Peirce (CSP, pronounced "purse") contribute with their understandings. The history of the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO) also shows periodic, big chunks of change. The ideas behind KKO are grand and encompassing. The writings of CSP are subtle and profound. Further, CSP's writings are still being transcribed and organized, and it is difficult to get what does exist in the literature in electronic form. The net result is sometimes new understandings and change in the upper KKO structure.
editorial note: Version 1.30 of KKO is an internal release version only. This version is testing procedures for reverse mapping of sub-graph structures within a source knowledge base (B) to those of the target KBpedia knowledge structure (A). Most conventional mappings are of the B --> A form, where what is mapped from B requires a direct tie-in point in A. Reverse mapping, tentatively called reciprocal mapping, identifies and places new structure from B into A, resulting in the target now being (B+A).
version info: Version 1.60
definition: The KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO) is a foundational ontology for capturing the essential components (or 'primitives') of knowledge bases. It is designed for mapping and interoperating diverse ontologies to one another. The ultimate objective of KKO is to provide an ontology that surfaces and organizes the features within knowledge bases most useful to machine learning, artificial intelligence, data interoperability and mapping, and fact tagging and extraction.
publisher: Cognonto Corporation, via its agent, Semantics Press LLC
editorial note: In KKO, 'CSP' is a shorthand for Charles Sanders Peirce (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce), whose writings have had a great influence on the design of this knowledge graph. Also, some CSP quotes are derived from the following sources: CP x.y =Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, volume x, paragraph y. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce_bibliography.
description: The KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO) is a foundational ontology for capturing the essential components (or 'primitives') of knowledge bases. It is an amalgam of six of the largest public knowledge bases available -- Wikipedia, DBpedia, Wikidata, GeoNames, OpenCyc and UMBEL. It is designed for mapping and interoperating diverse ontologies to one another. The ultimate objective of KKO is to provide an ontology that surfaces and organizes the features within knowledge bases most useful to machine learning, artificial intelligence, data interoperability and mapping, and fact tagging and extraction. The design of the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology is informed by the semiotics (theory of signs) articulated by the 19th century American logician, Charles Sanders Peirce. The design is based on the triadic ideas of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness that informed virtually all of Peirce's formulations in logic and philosophy. Peirce's theory of signs reflects a continual process of the understanding of what a sign means evolving through truth-testing and community use and consensus. The ultimate basis of a sign resides in the idea or quality of something (a Firstness), which has a monadic relationship to itself; an object which is described or made evident in relation to these qualities through dyadic relationships (a Secondness); and then which is understood or perceived by an interpretant (a Thirdness), such as an intelligent human being. (Though in broadest terms, semiosis is not limited to human mediation, and may apply to other agents, such as artificial intelligence.) All signs embody all three of these triadic aspects. Signs build upon signs -- such is the case with human languages and the concepts conveyed by them -- and ultimately are subject to logic and questioning, the results of which may cause the nature of the relationships between these aspects of signs to undergo revision and refinement. Semiosis is thus intimately related to logic and is itself a continuous pro…
editorial note: Version 1.40 of the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology is the result of reciprocal mapping from Wikipedia to KBpedia. Reciprocal mapping adds sub-graph structure and new nodes to the target knowledge base. Nearly 40% more reference concepts were added to KBpedia in this v 1.40 release than in prior versions of KBpedia.
preferred namespace uri: http://www.kbpedia.org/ontologies/kko#
preferred namespace prefix: kko
editorial note: The initial KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO, v 1.00) was a rather complete re-write and re-organization of the UMBEL (Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer) ontology, significantly modified to accommodate its purpose for integrating knowledge bases (KBs).
date copyrighted: 6-01-2016
alternative label: KBpedia
date: 08-07-2017
editorial note: Any attempt to capture the ideas of Charles Sanders Peirce or to be guided by an understanding of his teachings is fraught with many difficulties. His views shifted over the years; he was not always in a position to completely explicate his views; and much of his writing still remains untranscribed. Such is the nature of facts trying to lead to truth. We welcome input at any time about how best to capture Peircean ideas into a computable knowledge graph. Useful input will be readily acknowledged, including in future updates of the KBpedia Knowledge Ontolgy (KKO). Peircean scholars have been the first source of information here. A good starting point is the entire Peirce category on Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Sanders_Peirce). There are speciality Peircean online sources too numerous to list that are also useful from these starting links. Another ongoing gem of a resource is the Peirce online discussion list: http://www.iupui.edu/~arisbe/PEIRCE-L/PEIRCE-L.HTM. Specific thanks are due to the following individuals in helping to formulate some of the aspects of this CSP-based knowledge graph: Frédérick Giasson Gary Richmond John Sowa Edwina Taborsky Of course, the writings and commentary of these individuals do not imply agreement with KKO. No endorsement or agreement is meant to be implied by this listing. That said, we'd like to thank them all. In the end, this listing is our responsibility alone. Cognonto Corp.
editorial note: Version 1.50 marks a major update to KBpedia. KKO properties have been updated and organized according the three main property splits into Attributes, (external) Relations, and Representations (or Annotations) according to Peircean principles and the universal categories of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness. Version 1.50 also uses this structure to introduce a comprehensive mapping against Wikidata properties.
editorial note: A fairly significant re-write of the KKO upper structure occurred with version 1.20. This update was driven by two factors: 1) a revisiting of some assignments due to the attention given actions and predicates (specifically, Actions, Events, Situations, Relations) as opposed to earlier efforts that focused on Entities and Classes (Generals); and 2) an attempt to both rely more directly on Peircean terminology where it made sense and to rely less directly on that terminology where it was obscure or dated.
pref URI: http://www.kbpedia.org/ontologies/kko.n3

associatives
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: These are a situational and contextual properties of proximity, affiliation or adjacency of the subject with regard to any contiguity.
scope note: A Thirdness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are see also, lists, links (incoming + outgoing), associations, likenesses, resemblances.
sub property of: representations

augments
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An indicator to an external factor in relation to the object, which factor itself leads to still further explanations.
scope note: A Thirdness
sub property of: associatives

codes
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An assignment of an object to a symbolic token or string that acts to group that object with similar items; the generation and interpretation of the token is (often) done in relation to an understood scheme or system.
scope note: A Thirdness
sub property of: indexes

denotatives
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: These ae icons or symbols that name or describe the subject.
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are names, labels, images, descriptions, definitions, denotations, icons, designations, proper nouns.
sub property of: representations

descriptions
type: AnnotationProperty
alternative label: abstracts
alternative label: definitions
definition: Symbol or text strings that are longer than labels and provide additional or contextual information about the object beyond simply drawing attention to it.
scope note: A Thirdness
sub property of: denotatives

has characteristic
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: The property kko:hasCharacteristic is used to assert the relation between a Reference Concept and external properties that may be used in external ontologies to characterize, describe, or provide attributes for data records associated with that concept. It is via this property or its inverse, kko:isCharacteristicOf, that external data characterizations may be incorporated and modeled within a domain ontology based on the KKO vocabulary.
sub property of: relateds

identifiers
type: AnnotationProperty
alternative label: ID
definition: Generally (unique) symbols or strings that provide a key to the given subject, often within some conventional scheme for generating and recognizing the token assigned.
scope note: A Secondness
sub property of: indexes

indexes
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: These ae indirect references or pointers that help situate or draw attention to the subject.
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are URIs, identifiers, keys, indices, references, semes, propositions (w/o objects), codes, selections, directional, citations, pronouns.
sub property of: representations

is characteristic of
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: The property kko:isCharacteristicOf is used to assert the relation between a property and a Reference Concept (or its punned individual) to which it applies. Such properties may be used in external ontologies to characterize, describe, or provide attributes for data records associated with that concept. It is via this property or its inverse, kko:hasCharacteristic, that external data characterizations may be incorporated and modeled within a domain ontology based on the KKO vocabulary.
sub property of: relateds

labels
type: AnnotationProperty
alternative label: names
definition: Symbolic text strings that help to name or draw attention to a particular object.
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Labels such as names, proper names, titles, aliases, synonyms, misspellings, honorifics and such that draw attention to a particular object are all part of the property category.
sub property of: denotatives

lists
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An aggregation, either ordered or unordered, of objects similar to one another with respect to given characters or types.
scope note: A Firstness
sub property of: associatives

media
type: AnnotationProperty
alternative label: images
definition: Iconic images or sounds that invoke the identification with a given object or representation. Media in this sense draws attention to the object.
scope note: A Firstness
sub property of: denotatives

pointers
type: AnnotationProperty
alternative label: indicators
definition: Physical or symbolic indicators of a given thing and which draw attention to it.
scope note: A Firstness
sub property of: indexes

relateds
type: AnnotationProperty
alternative label: see also
definition: An indicator of some nature to other objects similar or related to the given object; the criteria and degree or strength of relationship between the items are indeterminant.
scope note: A Secondness
sub property of: associatives

representations
type: AnnotationProperty
alternative label: annotations
alternative label: indexicals
alternative label: metadata
definition: Pointers or indicators, including symbolic ones such as text or URLs, that draw attention to the actual or dynamic object.
scope note: A Thirdness
scope note: Indexicals are of the form of re:A; that is, statements about or references to subject A.
scope note: Indexicals can not be inferred over because there are not class-subclass relations, nor natural relatedness, but may be analyzed in other ways.

Other Writings
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Writings aspects related to the main subject at hand; a separate grouping deals explicitly with Books.

actions
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: copulative
alternative label: perception
alternative label: reaction
definition: Simple relations of energetics, perception or thought of subject (A) to some other object (B).
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: This category could be further split by energetic (1o), perceptual (2o) and thinking (3o).

adjunctual
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: attributes
alternative label: accidental
alternative label: happening
definition: These are events that may occur to a single entities or events (particulars) that help characterize it.
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are birth, death, marriage, events, accidents, surprises, happenings, extrinsic, adjunctual.
scope note: Though Peirce used ‘accidental’ much (Eventuals), he applied it in most cases to ‘accidental actuals’; thus, ‘adjunct’ better captures potentiality.

attributes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: predicate properties
alternative label: attribute
alternative label: characteristic
alternative label: characteristics
alternative label: essenses
alternative label: inherences
definition: Attributes are the ways by which a subject (A) may be described, characterized, or situated. All relations are inward looking to the subject, A.
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Attributes are of the form of A:A. All inherential and referential characteristics of and for subject A are included in this category.
scope note: Can also call Attributes ‘internal relations’.

circumstances
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mediative
alternative label: contexts
alternative label: situations
alternative label: thoughts
definition: Relations of subject (A) to external circumstances, situations or contexts.
scope note: A Thirdness

classifications
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contextual
alternative label: classification
alternative label: classify
definition: A characterization of subject (A) that involves evaluating subject (A) and providing a multi-factor typing, coding or value in relation to a given attribute or set of attributes.
scope note: A Thirdness

comparisons
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mediative
alternative label: compared to
alternative label: similar
definition: Relations that compare, contrast or size up similarities or differences or overlaps between subject (A) and object (B).
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Directly from Peirce; "of the nature of logical possibilities” (CP 2.234)

conjoins
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: copulative
definition: Relations that involve the joining of a subject (A) to an object (B) via an intermediate object.
scope note: A Thirdness

contextual
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: attributes
alternative label: context
alternative label: perspective
definition: These are circumstances or placements of single entities or events (particulars) that help characterize it.
scope note: A Thirdness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties include space, time, continuity, contiguous, smooth, otherness, ratings, situational (w/ respect to A), sensible, contiguous, all placements thereto, derivative, classificatory, rankings.

copulative
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: external relations
definition: These are relatiionships of combination, membership, quantity, action, or identification.
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are accidental, real, place, time, situation, quantity, facets, aspects, conjunctive, lists, one-to-many, many-to-one, sum of, contextual, verbs.

descendants
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: direct relations
alternative label: hypernym
alternative label: hyponym
alternative label: subtype
alternative label: supertype
definition: A simple relationship where object (B) is a direct child or parent or subsumption (hyponym) or supersumption (hypernym) to subject (A).
scope note: A Thirdness

direct relations
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: external relations
alternative label: simple relations
definition: These properties are in a simple (direct) relationship, meaning no intermediaries, between two different objects (entities, events, or their types, considered as instances).
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are is a, simple without parts, part of, members in types or classes, genealogical roles (parent, child, brother), identity, extensional.

elementals
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: intrinsics
alternative label: components
alternative label: ingredients
alternative label: parts
definition: A contributing part of or integral input or aspect that adds to the understanding about the subject (A).
scope note: A Secondness

equivalences
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: direct relations
alternative label: equal
alternative label: identical to
alternative label: same as
definition: A simple relatiionship between a subject (A) and an object (B) that asserts equalness or sameness.
scope note: A Firstness

eventuals
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: adjunctual
alternative label: accidentals
alternative label: dates
alternative label: events
definition: Chance, accidental or planned occurrences that directly involve subject (A).
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Attributes of time are often candidates for this property category. "Thus, space does for different subjects of one predicate precisely what time does for different predicates of the same subject." (CP 1.501)

external relations
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: predicate properties
definition: All external facing relations of a subject (A) to outside objects or data.
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Direct relations + Copulative properties are intended to inclusively conform to what Peirce called "simple relations".
scope note: External relations are of the form A:B. These are all of the external facing relations for subject A, be they actions or perceptions or situations with respect to the external world.

extrinsics
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: adjunctual
alternative label: external events
alternative label: external factors
definition: External events or circumstances that directly involve subject (A) or help define the nature or reality of subject (A).
scope note: A Thirdness

forms
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: intrinsics
alternative label: arrangements
alternative label: configurations
alternative label: shapes
definition: Configurations or arrangements that are of the nature or perceivable of the subject (A).
scope note: A Thirdness

Academics
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Academics aspects related to the main subject at hand. Academics are understood to exclude other notable persons, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.

Actions
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Actions aspects related to the main subject at hand. Recreation, Sports and War actions are specifically excluded, since these have their own properties.

Analysis & Organizing
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Analysis and Organizing aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Animals
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Animals aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Artists
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Artists aspects related to the main subject at hand. Artists are understood to exclude academics, other notable persons, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.

Athletes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Athletes aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Attributes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Attributes aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Audio
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Audio aspects related to the main subject at hand. Music recordings, including singles, albums, long-playing and extended-play records are specifically included.

Books
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Books aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Businesspersons
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Businesspersons aspects related to the main subject at hand. Businesspersons are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, other notable persons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.

Cartoons
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Cartoons aspects related to the main subject at hand. General animation-related topics are also specifically included.

Chemistry
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Chemistry aspects related to the main subject at hand. Inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry are specifically included.

Commercial Establishments
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Commercial Establishments aspects related to the main subject at hand. Commercial Establishments are a subset of facilities, which have some separate aspects.

Companies
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Companies aspects related to the main subject at hand. Companies are a subset of organizations, which have some separate aspects.

Computing
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Computing aspects related to the main subject at hand. This aspect is specifically separate from Software.

Countries & Nationalities
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Country or Nationality aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Crime & War
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Crime & War (strife) aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Dates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Dates aspects related to the main subject at hand. Individual years and centuries are specifically included.

Disasters
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Disasters aspects related to the main subject at hand. Disasters are a subset of events, which have some other aspects.

Drink
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Drink aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Drugs
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Drugs aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Entertainers
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Entertainers aspects related to the main subject at hand. Entertainers (or performers) are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, other notable persons, leaders, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.

Eras
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Eras aspects related to the main subject at hand. Eras refer to nameable, large durations of time.

Events
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Events aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Extraterrestrial
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Extraterrestrial aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Fictional
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Fictional aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Fields Of Study
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Fields Of Study aspects related to the main subject at hand. Academic disciplines and department names and emphases are specifically included.

Films
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Films aspects related to the main subject at hand. All film and movie forms are specifically included.

Financial
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Financial aspects related to the main subject at hand. General economic topics are also specifically included.

Food
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Food aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Games
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Games aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Genres
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Genres aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Governmental
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Governmental aspects related to the main subject at hand. Government is a subset of organizations, which have some separate aspects.

Habited Areas
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Habited Areas aspects related to the main subject at hand. Habited Areas may span from single rooms to larger complexes and communities in which individuals live. Animal habitations are specifically included in this aspect.

Health & Disease
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Health or Disease aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Honors & Celebrations
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Honors & Celebrations aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Images
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Images aspects related to the main subject at hand.

In Year
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have In Year aspects related to the main subject at hand. In Year is a reference to a specific calendar year.

Industrial Facilities
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Industrial Facilities aspects related to the main subject at hand. Industrial Facilities are a subset of facilities, which have some separate aspects.

Job Types
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Job Types aspects related to the main subject at hand. Job Types is one subset of overall Person aspects.

Landforms
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Landforms aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Languages
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Languages aspects related to the main subject at hand. Both human and artificial languages are specifically included.

Leaders
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Leaders aspects related to the main subject at hand. Leaders are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, other notable persons, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.

Lists
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Lists aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Living Things
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Living Things aspects related to the main subject at hand. Living Things are understood to include all life forms and concepts apart from Animals and Plants.

Locations (other)
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Locations (other) aspects related to the main subject at hand. This grouping complements the Habited Areas or Countries & Nationalities properties.

Math & Numbers
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Math & Numbers aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Military
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Military aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Monuments
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Monuments aspects related to the main subject at hand. Monuments are a subset of facilities.

Music
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Music aspects related to the main subject at hand. Music recordings, shown under the Audio property, are specifically excluded.

Natural Areas
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Natural Areas aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Natural Phenomena
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Natural Phenomena aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Natural Substance
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Natural Substance aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Notable Persons
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Notable Persons aspects related to the main subject at hand. Notable Persons are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.

Other Facilities
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Other Facilities aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Other Organizations
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Other Organizations aspects related to the main subject at hand. Sports teams, companies, and colleges and universities, are explicitly excluded since they have their own separate groupings.

Performing Arts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Performing Arts aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Plants
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Plants aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Politics
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Politics aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Products
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Products aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Professionals
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Professionals aspects related to the main subject at hand. Professionals are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, other notable persons, religious persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.

Recreation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Recreation aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Religious
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Religious aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Religious Persons
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Religious Persons aspects related to the main subject at hand. Religions Persons are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, other notable persons and shady characters, which each have their own aspects.

Schools
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Schools aspects related to the main subject at hand. Education topics and colleges and universities are explicitly included in this grouping.

Shady Characters
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Shady Characters aspects related to the main subject at hand. Shady characters, including criminals and persons of possibly poor reputation, are understood to exclude academics, artists, athletes, businesspersons, entertainers, leaders, professionals, religious persons and other notable persons, which each have their own aspects.

Society
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Society aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Software
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Software aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Sports
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Sports aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Standards
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Standards aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Structured Data
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Structured Data aspects related to the main subject at hand. Databases, structured forms of information such as spreadsheets and markup, and structured notations are specifically included in this grouping.

Structured Info
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Structured Info aspects related to the main subject at hand. Structured Info is a less organized (structured) format than Structured Data, which has its own aspect, or is a notation reflecting the same.

TV
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have TV aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Teams
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Teams aspects related to the main subject at hand. Most teams are sports in nature.

Time
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Time aspects related to the main subject at hand. Specific Dates are excluded since they have their own separate grouping.

Topics
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Topics aspects related to the main subject at hand.

Transport Facilities
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Transport Facilities aspects related to the main subject at hand. Transport Facilities are a subset of facilioties, which have some separate aspects.

Visual Arts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Visual Arts aspects related to the main subject at hand. Films and TV are specifically excluded since they have their own separate groupings.

Web Stuff
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: aspectProperties
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: This property provides links to articles in Wikipedia categories that have Web Stuff aspects related to the main subject at hand.

intrinsics
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: attributes
definition: Innate characteristics or essences of single entities or events (particulars).
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are oneness, qualities, feelings, inherent, negation, is, has, intensional, naturalness, internal, innateness.

is about
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mapping properties
inverse of: links entity
domain: Thing
range: reference concept
definition: The property kko:isAbout is used to assert the relation between a named entity (individual) and a Reference Concept class. kko:isAbout relates the named entity (individual) to the class through the basis of its subject matter. The relation acknowledges that the scope of the class can not be determined solely by the aggregation or extent of its associated individual entity members, and that the nature of the Reference Concept class may not alone bound or define the individual entity. This property is therefore used to create a topical assertion between an individual and a Reference Concept.

is like
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mapping properties
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Thing
range: Thing
definition: The property kko:isLike is used to assert an associative link between similar individuals who may or may not be identical, but are believed to be so. This property is not intended as a general expression of similarity, but rather the likely but uncertain same identity of the two resources being related. This property can and should be changed if the certainty of the sameness of identity is subsequently determined. In general, we may not be able to assert that two individuals are the same based solely on current information on hand. However, there may be quite reasonable bases or methods that the two individuals are likely the same without being one hundred percent sure. kko:isLike has the semantics of likely identity, but where there is some uncertainty that the two resources indeed refer to the exact same individual with the same identity. Such uncertainty can arise when, for example, common names may be used for different individuals (e.g., John Smith). It is appropriate to use this property when there is strong belief the two resources refer to the same individual with the same identity, but that association can not be asserted at the present time with certitude.

links entity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mapping properties
domain: reference concept
range: Thing
definition: Check the definition of kko:isAbout for the definition of this property; isRelatedTo is the inverse property of isAbout.

mapping properties
type: ObjectProperty
definition: A category of convenience for aggregating all of the mapping properties.

mediative
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: external relations
definition: These are relationships of relevance, meaning or explanation – namely, thirdness – about subjects and types.
scope note: A Thirdness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are concepts, generalities, similarity, genres, aspects, comparison, performance, thought, triadic, agreement/ difference, placement in space/time (contiguity), conditional, reasoning, classification.

parts of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: direct relations
alternative label: part
definition: A simple relationship where the object (B) is a part of or component of subjext (A).
scope note: A Secondness

performances
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mediative
alternative label: performance
definition: Relations of quantity or rank for how subject (A) performed in relation to object (B).
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Directly from Peirce; “of the nature of actual facts” (CP 2.234)
scope note: Other concepts associated with this set of properties are sequences; processes; combinations.

predicate properties
type: ObjectProperty
editorial note: From Peirce “every fact is a relation”; all facts are assertions.
editorial note: The predicate object properties in KKO are organized into a three-level schema based on the Peircean universal categories of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness, resulting in 27 predicate types (3 * 3 * 3) in the hierarchy. Either data or object properties may relate to nearly all levels in this schema.
editorial note: The same organizatonal schema (3 * 3 * 3) for these object properties is duplicated for data properties, since sources do not uniformly (nor correctly!) determine their appropriate format. In the paralellism the object property categoreis have the most direct names; those for data properties are appended with the 'xxx data' term. Efforts to be comprehensive across external property mappings should best consult both property types.

qualities
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: intrinsics
alternative label: inherent
alternative label: intrinsic
alternative label: quality
definition: An internal characteristic or aspect of an object; collectively these internal relations define intensionally what kind of thing to which the object belongs, though that relationship is not intrinsic.
scope note: A Firstness

quantities
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: adjunctual
alternative label: amount
alternative label: number of
alternative label: population
alternative label: quantifiable
alternative label: quantity
definition: A characteristic of a subject (A) that is expressed as a number quantity.
scope note: A Firstness

ratings
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contextual
alternative label: orderings
alternative label: rankings
definition: An assigned value or characterization that orders subject (A) in relation to other subjects for a given attribute.
scope note: A Secondness

has abstraction
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

has activity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: action types
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

relates to animal
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: animals
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

relates to area or region
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

has attribute
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: attribute types
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

relates to audio information
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: audio information
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

relates to a biological process
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: area or region
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to chemistry
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: chemistry
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to disease
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: diseases
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to drug
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: drugs
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to atom or element
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to entity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

has event
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: event types
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

relates to facility
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: facilities
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to finance or economy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: economic systems
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

has food drink
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: food or drink
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

has form
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

relates to geopolitical entity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: geopolitical
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to a location or place
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to organic chemistry
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: organic chemistry
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

has organization type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: organizations
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

relates to other organism
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: Class
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

has person type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: persons
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

relates to natural phenomenon
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: natural phenomena
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to plant
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: plants
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

has product type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: products
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

relatesTo properties
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mapping properties
definition: A parental category of convenience for aggregating all of the relatesTo properties.

relates to situation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: situation types
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to society
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: society
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to structured information
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: structured information
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to natural substance
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: natural substances
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

has time
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: times
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

has topic
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: topics categories
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship

relates to visual information
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
range: visual information
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

relates to written information
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: relatesTo properties
domain: Thing
definition: This predicate relates an external entity to the SuperType (ST) shown. It indicates there is a relationship to the ST of a verifiable nature, but which is undetermined as to strength or a full rdf:type relationship.

situants
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: contextual
alternative label: placements
definition: Attributes or characteristics that help situate, or place in a locational context, the subject (A).
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Attributes of space are often a part of this property category. "Thus, space does for different subjects of one predicate precisely what time does for different predicates of the same subject." (CP 1.501)

SKOS properties
type: ObjectProperty
definition: A category of convenience for aggregating all of the SKOS properties.

typings
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: copulative
alternative label: identities
alternative label: is a
definition: This simple relation is for all of the is-a relations to types (B) for subject (A).
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Open question: do 'circumstances' belong here as well?

actions data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: copulative data properties
alternative label: actions
alternative label: perceptions
alternative label: reactions
definition: Simple relations of energetics, perception or thought of subject (A) to some other object (B).
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: This category could be further split by energetic (1o), perceptual (2o) and thinking (3o).

adjunctual data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: attributes data properties
alternative label: accidental
alternative label: happening
definition: These are events that may occur to a single entities or events (particulars) that help characterize it.
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are birth, death, marriage, events, accidents, surprises, happenings, extrinsic, adjunctual.
scope note: Though Peirce used ‘accidental’ much (Eventuals), he applied it in most cases to ‘accidental actuals’; thus, ‘adjunct’ better captures potentiality.

attributes data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: predicate data properties
alternative label: attribute
alternative label: characteristic
alternative label: characteristics
alternative label: inherences
definition: Attributes are the ways by which a subject (A) may be described, characterized, or situated. All relations are inward looking to the subject, A.
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Attributes are of the form of A:A. All inherential and referential characteristics of and for subject A are included in this category.
scope note: Can also call Attributes ‘internal relations’.

circumstances data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: mediative data properties
alternative label: contextual data properties
alternative label: situations
alternative label: thoughts
definition: Relations of subject (A) to external circumstances, situations or contexts.
scope note: A Thirdness

classifications data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contextual data properties
alternative label: classification
alternative label: classify
definition: A characterization of subject (A) that involves evaluating subject (A) and providing a multi-factor typing, coding or value in relation to a given attribute or set of attributes.
scope note: A Thirdness

comparisons data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: mediative data properties
alternative label: compared to
alternative label: comparisons
alternative label: similar
definition: Relations that compare, contrast or size up similarities or differences or overlaps between subject (A) and object (B).
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Directly from Peirce; "of the nature of logical possibilities” (CP 2.234)

conjoins data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: copulative data properties
alternative label: conjoins
definition: Relations that involve the joining of a subject (A) to an object (B) via an intermediate object.
scope note: A Thirdness

contextual data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: attributes data properties
alternative label: context
alternative label: perspective
definition: These are circumstances or placements of single entities or events (particulars) that help characterize it.
scope note: A Thirdness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties include space, time, continuity, contiguous, smooth, otherness, ratings, situational (w/ respect to A), sensible, contiguous, all placements thereto, derivative, classificatory, rankings.

copulative data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: external relations data properties
definition: These are relatiionships of combination, membership, quantity, action, or identification.
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are accidental, real, place, time, situation, quantity, facets, aspects, conjunctive, lists, one-to-many, many-to-one, sum of, contextual, verbs.

descendants data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: direct relations data properties
alternative label: hypernym
alternative label: hyponym
alternative label: subtype
alternative label: supertype
definition: A simple relationship where object (B) is a direct child or parent or subsumption (hyponym) or supersumption (hypernym) to subject (A).
scope note: A Thirdness

direct relations data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: external relations data properties
alternative label: simple relations data properties
definition: These properties are a direct relationship (no intermediaries) between two different objects (entities, events, or their types, considered as instances).
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are is a, simple without parts, part of, members in types or classes, genealogical roles (parent, child, brother), identity, extensional.

elementals data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: intrinsics data properties
alternative label: components
alternative label: ingredients
alternative label: parts
definition: A contributing part of or integral input or aspect that adds to the understanding about the subject (A).
scope note: A Secondness

equivalences data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: direct relations data properties
alternative label: equal
alternative label: identical to
alternative label: same as
definition: A simple relatiionship between a subject (A) and an object (B) that asserts equalness or sameness.
scope note: A Firstness

eventuals data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: adjunctual data properties
alternative label: accidentals
alternative label: dates
alternative label: events
alternative label: happenings
definition: Chance, accidental or planned occurrences that directly involve subject (A).
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Attributes of time are often candidates for this property category. "Thus, space does for different subjects of one predicate precisely what time does for different predicates of the same subject." (CP 1.501)

external relations data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: predicate data properties
definition: All external facing relations of a subject (A) to outside objects or data.
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Direct relations + Copulative properties are intended to inclusively conform to what Peirce called "simple relations".

extrinsics data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: adjunctual data properties
alternative label: external events
alternative label: external factors
definition: External events or circumstances that directly involve subject (A) or help define the nature or reality of subject (A).
scope note: A Thirdness

forms data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: intrinsics data properties
alternative label: arrangements
alternative label: configurations
alternative label: shapes
definition: Forms or arrangements that are of the nature or perceivable of the subject (A).
scope note: A Thirdness

intrinsics data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: attributes data properties
definition: Innate characteristics or essences of single entities or events (particulars).
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are oneness, qualities, feelings, inherent, negation, is, has, intensional, naturalness, internal, innateness.

mediative data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: external relations data properties
definition: These are relationships of relevance, meaning or explanation – namely, thirdness – about subjects and types.
scope note: A Thirdness
scope note: Some of the concepts associated with this set of properties are concepts, generalities, similarity, genres, aspects, comparison, performance, thought, triadic, agreement/ difference, placement in space/time (contiguity), conditional, reasoning, classification.

parts data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: direct relations data properties
alternative label: part
alternative label: parts of
definition: A simple relationship where the object (B) is a part of or component of subjext (A).
scope note: A Secondness

performances data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: mediative data properties
alternative label: performance
alternative label: performances
definition: Relations of quantity or rank for how subject (A) performed in relation to object (B).
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: Directly from Peirce; “of the nature of actual facts” (CP 2.234)
scope note: Other concepts associated with this set of properties are sequences; processes; combinations.

predicate data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
definition: A category of convenience for aggregating all of the predicate data properties.
editorial note: From Peirce “every fact is a relation”; all facts are assertions.
editorial note: The predicate data properties in KKO are organized into a three-level schema based on the Peircean universal categories of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness, resulting in 27 predicate types (3 * 3 * 3) in the hierarchy. Either data or object properties may relate to nearly all levels in this schema.
editorial note: The same organizatonal schema (3 * 3 * 3) for these data properties is duplicated for object properties, since sources do not uniformly (nor correctly!) determine their appropriate format. In the paralellism the object property categoreis have the most direct names; those for data properties are appended with the 'xxx data' term. Efforts to be comprehensive across external property mappings should best consult both property types.

data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: intrinsics data properties
alternative label: inherent
alternative label: intrinsic
alternative label: quality
definition: An internal characteristic or aspect of an object; collectively these internal relations define intensionally what kind of thing to which the object belongs, though that relationship is not intrinsic.
scope note: A Firstness

quantities data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: adjunctual data properties
alternative label: amount
alternative label: number of
alternative label: population
alternative label: quantifiable
alternative label: quantity
definition: A characteristic of a subject (A) that is expressed as a number quantity.
scope note: A Firstness

ratings data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contextual data properties
alternative label: orderings
alternative label: rankings
definition: An assigned value or characterization that orders subject (A) in relation to other subjects for a given attribute.
scope note: A Secondness

situants data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: contextual data properties
alternative label: placements
definition: Attributes or characteristics that help situate, or place in a locational context, the subject (A).
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Attributes of space are often a part of this property category. "Thus, space does for different subjects of one predicate precisely what time does for different predicates of the same subject." (CP 1.501)

typings data properties
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: copulative data properties
alternative label: identities
alternative label: is a
definition: This simple relation is for all of the is-a relations to types (B) for subject (A).
scope note: A Firstness

AV info
type: Class
subclass of: information
disjoint with: Class
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: living things
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: times
alternative label: The AV Info SuperType is for information that contains BOTH audio and visual information, such as talking movies, TV commercials, etc.
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: This is the tie-in point for the AVInfo SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.

absolute
type: Class
subclass of: pluralness
alternative label: completeness
alternative label: ipso facto
alternative label: perfection
definition: An absolute is something that is existing, able to be thought of, or able to be viewed without relation to other things. An absolute is something that is complete in and of itself.
editorial note: Could possibly expand this branch with the following structure: Inclusive [1ns] Equivalence [1ns] Member [2ns] Set [3ns] Exclusive [2ns] Difference [3ns]
scope note: A Firstness

accidental
type: Class
subclass of: suchness
alternative label: occurrence
definition: Accidentals are those occurrences that bring things into actuality. As used here, accidental is an "indecomposable" that represents the potentiality of such an occurrence. Per CS 1.430, an accidental "is something that can only happen by having a subject with an independent mode of being not dependent upon this nor upon any determination whatsoever. It is something which happens."
editorial note: See CP 2.377, but also a common qualifier used by CSP.
scope note: A Firstness

accidental form
type: Class
subclass of: real
alternative label: non-essential
definition: Accidental forms are the non-essential properties of things; that is, properties that the thing could lose or gain without changing its essential nature. For example, the red color of a ball is an accidental form of a ball in that the ball could be changed to green or blue without losing its essential character. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: From Aristotle
scope note: A Thirdness

action
type: Class
subclass of: events
alternative label: brute force
alternative label: reaction
definition: Action is where the modification of things is more prominent than reaction to it (or the perception of it). Action always occurs in combination with reaction. It is what gives rise to events and entities.
editorial note: From CP 1.324: "The waking state is a consciousness of reaction; and as the consciousness itself is two-sided, so it has also two varieties; namely, action, where our modification of other things is more prominent than their reaction on us, and perception, where their effect on us is overwhelmingly greater than our effect on them."
editorial note: See CP 1.324.
editorial note: Struggle is the equal combination of action and reaction (CP 5.45).
editorial note: Struggle is the equal combination of action and reaction (CP 5.45.).
scope note: A Secondness

action types
type: Class
subclass of: copulative relations
disjoint with: natural substances
alternative label: activity type
alternative label: activity types
definition: Acts or actions, organized by types, that result (mostly) from human effort, often conducted by organizations to assist other organizations or individuals (in which case they are known as services, such as medicine, law, printing, consulting or teaching) or individual or group efforts for leisure, fun, sports, games or personal interests (activities). Generic, broad grouping of actions that apply to generic objects are also included in this SuperType.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the ActionTypes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of action or activity Types.
scope note: A Thirdness

activities
type: Class
subclass of: continuous
alternative label: action
alternative label: activity
definition: Activities are particulars that are ongoing or occur over a period of time and result (often) from human effort or other agents. Human activities are often conducted by organizations to assist other organizations or individuals (in which case they are known as services, such as medicine, law, printing, consulting or teaching) or individual or group efforts for leisure, fun, sports, games or personal interests (activities).
scope note: A Secondness

adjunctual attributes
type: Class
subclass of: attribute types
alternative label: accidents
alternative label: adjunctual attribute
alternative label: life events
definition: Events that may occur to a single entities or events (particulars) that help characterize it.
editorial note: Concepts in this type include birth, death, marriage, events, accidents, surprises, happenings, extrinsic, adjunctual.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the AdjunctualAttributeTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, AdjunctualAttributeTypes are NOT EntityTypes. AdjunctualAttributeTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of adjunctual attributes.
scope note: A Secondness

agents
type: Class
subclass of: organic matter
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: food or drink
  union of: information
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: plants
  union of: products
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: agent
alternative label: animate agent
definition: The Agents SuperType is for all beings, single or acting as groups, that can express and act upon desires or beliefs. Agents may be individual Persons, general Organizations, or Geopolitical entities.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Agents SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Thirdness

animals
type: Class
subclass of: eukaryotes
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: drugs
  union of: economic systems
  union of: event types
  union of: facilities
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: social systems
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: time types
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: aniimal
definition: This large SuperType includes all animal types, including specific animal types and vertebrates, invertebrates, insects, crustaceans, fish, reptiles, amphibia, birds, mammals, and animal body parts. Animal parts are specifically included. Also, groupings of such animals are included. Humans, as an animal, are included (versus as an individual Person). Diseases are specifically excluded. Animals have many of the similar overlaps to Plants. However, in addition, there are more terms for animal groups, animal parts, animal secretions, etc. Also Animals can include some human traits (posture, dead animal, etc)
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Animals SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Thirdness

area or region
type: Class
subclass of: places
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: animals
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: event types
  union of: food or drink
  union of: living things
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: situation types
  union of: structured information
  union of: time types
  union of: times
  union of: written information
alternative label: area
alternative label: areas
alternative label: region
alternative label: regions
definition: The AreaRegion SuperType includes all nameable or definable areas or regions that may be found within "space". Though the distinction is not sharp, this SuperType is meant to be distinct from specific points of interest (POIs) that may be mapped (often displayed as a thumbtack). Areas or regions are best displayed on a map as a polygon (area) or path (polyline).
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the AreaRegion SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

areas
type: Class
subclass of: space
alternative label: area
alternative label: region
definition: Any 2D or defined area that may change over time or scope.
scope note: A Secondness

artifacts
type: Class
subclass of: symbolic
disjoint with: Class
  union of: biological processes
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: persons
  union of: times
alternative label: artifact
definition: The Artifacts SuperType is a major grouping of SuperTypes and is for all material expressions of human works, except for those strictly related to information or data.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Artifacts SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Secondness

associative
type: Class
subclass of: indicatives
definition: Associative, or association, is when two or more ideas or things exhibit an "attraction" between them due to likeness or similarity or some other correspondence. An associative monad is not amenable to a logical assertion. Associatives are the juxtaposition of a different thing to a given thing to indicate a relationship of some nature. Associatives must be between two or more objects. Since the degree of association can not be defined, no inference can be made about associations. Sameness or being a member of the same type is specifically excluded from this definition As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: Addition and multiplication are associative operations.
editorial note: In CP 1.270, CSP calls 'association' "an attraction between ideas," analogous to gravitation.
scope note: A Thirdness

associatives
type: Class
subclass of: representation types
alternative label: adjacency
alternative label: associations
alternative label: associative
alternative label: proximity
definition: A situational or contextual assertion of proximity, affiliation or adjacency of the subject with regard to any contiguity.
editorial note: Concepts in this type include see also, lists, links (incoming + outgoing), associations, likenesses, resemblances.
scope note: A Thirdness

atoms or elements
type: Class
subclass of: natural matter
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: audio information
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: economic systems
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: facilities
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: living things
  union of: location or place
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: situation types
  union of: social systems
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: atoms
alternative label: chemical element
definition: The Atoms and Elements SuperType contains all known chemical elements and the constituents of atoms.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the AtomElements SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Firstness

attribute types
type: Class
subclass of: predications
alternative label: attribute
definition: Attributes are the intensional characteristics of an object, event, entity, type (when viewed as an instance), or concept. The relationship is between the individual instance (or Particular) and its own attributes and characteristics, in the form of A:A. Attributes may be intrinsic characteristics or essences of single particulars, such as colors, shapes, sizes, or other descriptive characteristics. Attributes may be adjunctual or accidental happenings to the particular, such as birth or death. Or, attributes may be contextual in terms of placing the particular within time or space or in relation to external circumstances. These attributes have been categorized according to these distinctions and grouped and organized into types.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the AttributeTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, AttributeTypes are NOT EntityTypes. AttributeTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Attributes.
scope note: A Firstness

attributives
type: Class
subclass of: dyadic monads
alternative label: attributes
alternative label: attributive
definition: Attributives are dyadic monads that capture the attributes or characteristics of subjects. Attributives provide the characteristics for self-identity ('Oneness'), characteristics and individuals that are external ('Otherness'), and those essences that make things what they are ('Inherence'). As "indecomposables", attributives are the potential or possibility of such a dyad, rather than being the actual dyad.
scope note: A Firstness

audio information
type: Class
subclass of: AV info
disjoint with: Class
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: economic systems
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: facilities
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: living things
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: organic matter
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
definition: This SuperType is for any audio-only human work. Examples include live music performances, record albums, or radio shows or individual radio broadcasts
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the AudioInfo SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

being
type: Class
subclass of: thisness
alternative label: existence
alternative label: ousia
definition: Being, or existence, is that which exists independent of perception or thought. As an "indecomposable", this is the possibility or potential of existence rather than actual existence.
editorial note: See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousia
scope note: A Secondness

binary
type: Class
subclass of: logical connective
alternative label: binary logic
alternative label: binary relation
alternative label: dyadic
alternative label: dyadic logic
alternative label: propositional logic
definition: A logical relation is part of a formal system (together with defined semantics) in the form of model-theoretic interpretation that assigns truth values to sentences of the formal language; that is, formulae that contain no free variables. A logic is sound if all sentences that can be derived are true in the interpretation, and complete if, conversely, all true sentences can be derived. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Secondness

biological processes
type: Class
subclass of: organic chemistry
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: artifacts
  union of: audio information
  union of: drugs
  union of: economic systems
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: facilities
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: products
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: shapes
  union of: social systems
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: biochemical pathways
alternative label: biological process
definition: The Biochemical Processes SuperType is for all sequences of reactions and chemical pathways associated with living things. Includes decompositional processes.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the BiologicalProcesses SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Thirdness

chance
type: Class
subclass of: thisness
alternative label: random
definition: A chance is a random occurrence with an indeterminate outcome. As an "indecomposable", this monad is merely a potential or possibility, and not an actual occurrence.
scope note: A Firstness

chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: natural matter
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: audio information
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: location or place
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
definition: This SuperType is the category for chemical bonds, chemical composition groupings, and the like. It is formed by what is not a natural substance or living thing (organic) substance. Organic Chemistry and Biological Processes are, by definition, separate SuperTypes. This Chemistry SuperType thus includes inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, nuclear chemistry, and theoretical chemistry.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Chemistry SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Thirdness

collective stuff
type: Class
subclass of: complex entities
alternative label: collective entities
alternative label: collective entity
alternative label: mob
definition: A grouping of similar stuff, which may or may not have its own identity, such as a "lump" or "mob" or "cloud", but also including "buckets of water" and "lumps of clay", and which are not a type or class of like entities
scope note: A Firstness

complex quantity
type: Class
subclass of: quantity
definition: A complex quantity is one whose determinations can differ from others in different linear respects.
editorial note: See CP 4.664.
scope note: A Thirdness

complex entities
type: Class
subclass of: entities
alternative label: complex entity
alternative label: whole
definition: A complex entity is a nameable, discrete thing, comprised itself of more than one individual. These individual parts are not all of the same kind, which are better known as classes or types. Many organizations and products, as examples, may be complex entities.
scope note: A Thirdness

A compound entity is an integral individual made up of multiple parts or individuals of different kinds working together as a unit. Machines and living bodies are two examples of a compound entity.
type: Class
subclass of: complex entities
alternative label: compound entity
alternative label: unit
alternative label: units
preferred label: compound entities
scope note: A Thirdness

concepts
type: Class
subclass of: conceptual systems
alternative label: concept
definition: Concepts are ideas and mediated combinations of ideas that reflect more abstract or generalized thoughts than the typing or natural classing of objects, the focus of most other supertypes. Concepts are non-disjoint with all other supertypes.
editorial note: As defined in KKO, concepts are NOT entities, but may be entity types. Concepts are the most abstract treatment of particulars and types, and are organized not by logically determinable semiosis, but by "worldviews" that provide a coherent, but not necessarily decomposable, organization of ideas. Concepts are organized into schema, which have a kind of hierarchical or taxonomic backbone of sorts, but are ultimately graphs. (Not sure here, but the typologies used for organizing entities are strictly taxonomic, I think.) Concept structures are most often what is seen in current ontologies, both those of the upper and domain variety. How we go about constructing the concept schema, let alone whether there will only be a single one or perhaps 2-3, remains to be determined. The basic ideas at present for the first schema are all based on "bridging from" or leveraging an existing schema. Possible source schema include: 1) the upper structure of OpenCyc, absent many abstract concepts, entities and entity types 2) an existing organizational structure from Wikipedia. Individual candidates include: -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Main_topic_classifications -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fundamental_categories 3) another existing upper ontology, though all I have inspected seemed flawed (as does now OpenCyc to me) 4) an existing KOS system in widespread use, such as UDC, or LCSH (Library of Congress) (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification) 5) some other internal means based on residual RCs with some unknown method. This general topic should also address the questions of Rules, Domains, Schema, and Worldviews.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Concepts SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Firstness

conceptual systems
type: Class
subclass of: systems
alternative label: conceptual system
alternative label: mental process
alternative label: mental processes
alternative label: thinking
definition: A conceptual system is a system that is composed of non-physical objects, i.e. ideas or concepts. In this context a system is taken to mean "an interrelated, interworking set of objects". Such systems may be related to any topic from formal science to individual imagination. Conceptual systems may be found within the human mind, as works of art and fiction, and within the academic world. The Conceptual Systems SuperType is for human and cognitive constructs not otherwise related to natural classes. Concepts, topics and categories and category systems are specifically included in this SuperType. All conceptual systems and processes are inherently non-disjoint.
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: This is the tie-in point for the ConceptualSystems SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.

concurrents
type: Class
subclass of: relatives
alternative label: concurrent
alternative label: self-relative
definition: A concurrent is a simple relative whose elements are of the form A:A. The character signified by a concurrent is an absolute character. Concurrents express a mere agreement among objects. All concurrents are copulative and continuous. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: See CP 3.136; CP 3.226.
scope note: A Firstness

conditional
type: Class
subclass of: logical connective
alternative label: conditional operation
definition: A conditional, or ternary, operation is an n-ary operation with n = 3. A ternary operation on a set A takes any given three elements of A and combines them to form a single element of A. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Thirdness

conjugative
type: Class
subclass of: pluralness
alternative label: join
definition: Any entity formed by joining two or more smaller entities together; to join together.
scope note: A Thirdness

conjunctives
type: Class
subclass of: relatives
alternative label: and
alternative label: conjunction
alternative label: conjunctive
definition: 'And' is the truth-functional operator of logical conjunction, and acts to assign (assert) an attribute to an entity. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Thirdness

logical connective
type: Class
subclass of: conjunctives
alternative label: dynamical
alternative label: logic function
alternative label: operator
alternative label: operators
alternative label: propositional logic
definition: A logical connective (also called a logical operator) is a symbol or word used to connect two or more sentences (of either a formal or a natural language) in a grammatically valid way, such that the sense of the compound sentence produced depends only on the original sentences. The most common logical connectives are binary connectives (also called dyadic connectives) which join two sentences which can be thought of as the function's operands. Also commonly, negation is considered to be a unary connective. Logical connectives along with quantifiers are the two main types of logical constants used in formal systems such as propositional logic and predicate logic. Semantics of a logical connective is often, but not always, presented as a truth function. A logical relation is part of a formal system (together with defined semantics) in the form of model-theoretic interpretation that assigns truth values to sentences of the formal language; that is, formulae that contain no free variables. A logic is sound if all sentences that can be derived are true in the interpretation, and complete if, conversely, all true sentences can be derived. A logical connective is similar to but not equivalent to a conditional operator. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: For additional background, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_connective and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_function.
scope note: A Thirdness

constituents
type: Class
subclass of: SuperTypes
alternative label: constituent
alternative label: constituent types
definition: This grouping of SuperTypes represents building blocks, or components, commonly used by other SuperTypes. The basic building block areas are Space, Time and fundamental Natural Phenomena or processes. Because of their role as constituents in orther SuperTypes, there are few disjoint assertions within this grouping.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Constituents SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Firstness

contextual attributes
type: Class
subclass of: attribute types
alternative label: contextual
alternative label: contextual attribute
alternative label: situational
definition: Circumstances or placements of single entities or events (particulars) that help characterize it.
editorial note: Concepts in this type include space, time, continuity, contiguous, smooth, otherness, ratings, situational (w/ respect to A), sensible, contiguous, all placements thereto, derivative, classificatory, rankings.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the ContextualAttributeTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, ContextualAttributeTypes are NOT EntityTypes. ContextualAttributeTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of contextual attributes.
scope note: A Thirdness

contiguity
type: Class
subclass of: associative
alternative label: proximity
definition: Association by contiguity means proximity of things in either time or space. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: From CP 4.87: "Phenomena that inward force puts together appear similar; phenomena that outward force puts together appear contiguous."
scope note: A Thirdness

continuants
type: Class
subclass of: single entities
alternative label: continuant
definition: A thing of a continuous nature that retains its identity even though its states and relations may change.
editorial note: SpaceTime is a likely included here. SpaceTime combines the three dimensions of space and the dimension of time into an interwoven continuum. See http://www.textlog.de/4279-5.html for triadic discussion of space-time.
scope note: A Thirdness

continuous
type: Class
subclass of: events
alternative label: continua
alternative label: continuum
alternative label: durative
alternative label: dynamics
alternative label: inconstant
alternative label: inconstants
alternative label: occurants
alternative label: perdurants
definition: A continuous event or thing is one that varies over time or space, respectively, and which may be approximated by a function. Though different individuals may have different continuous quantities at any given moment, across all instances the distribution can be modeled as continuous. By definition, continuous quantities are not discrete.
editorial note: SpaceTime is a likely sub-category here. SpaceTime combines the three dimensions of space and the dimension of time into an interwoven continuum. See http://www.textlog.de/4279-5.html for triadic discussion of space-time.
scope note: A Thirdness

copulative relations
type: Class
subclass of: relation types
alternative label: combinations
alternative label: copulative relation
alternative label: quantities
definition: Relatiionships of combination, membership, quantity, action, or circumstance.
editorial note: Concepts in this type include accidental, real, place, time, situation, quantity, facets, aspects, conjunctive, lists, one-to-many, many-to-one, sum of, contextual, verbs.
editorial note: The three main branches of this SuperType (ST) are Typings (a Firstness), ActionTypes (a Secondness) and Conjoins (a Thirdness). Only the ActionTypes ST is listed formally with the KKO. See the CopulativeRelations typology for the entire presentation of reference concepts (RCs).
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the CopulativeRelationTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, CopulativeRelationTypes are NOT EntityTypes. CopulativeRelationTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of copulative relations, including the major ActionTypes.
scope note: A Secondness

2D Dimensions
type: Class
subclass of: areas
subclass of: space regions
alternative label: 2d dimension
alternative label: 3D
alternative label: 3d dimension
alternative label: dimension
alternative label: dimensional
definition: Dimensions represent any of the bounded conditions related to combinations of 3D space and time dimensions.
definition: Dimensions represent any of the bounded conditions related to the 2D aspects (height, width, length) of the area.
preferred label: 3D Dimensions

denotative
type: Class
subclass of: associative
alternative label: denominative
alternative label: designation
alternative label: designative
alternative label: proper name
definition: A denotative is the purest means to draw attention to something, such as a proper name or definitive symbol. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Firstness

denotatives
type: Class
subclass of: representation types
alternative label: denotative
alternative label: denotive
alternative label: denotives
alternative label: labels
alternative label: names
definition: Icons or symbols that name or describe the subject.
editorial note: Concepts in this type include names, labels, images, descriptions, definitions, denotations, icons, designations, proper nouns.
scope note: A Firstness

direct relations
type: Class
subclass of: relation types
alternative label: direct relation
alternative label: identity
alternative label: simple relations
definition: A direct relationship (no intermediaries) between two different objects (entities, events, or their types, considered as instances).
editorial note: Concepts in this type include is a, simple without parts, part of, members in types or classes, genealogical roles (parent, child, brother), identity, extensional.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the DirectRelationTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, DirectRelationTypes are NOT EntityTypes. DirectRelationTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of direct relations.
scope note: A Firstness

discrete
type: Class
subclass of: quantity
alternative label: quanta
alternative label: quantized
definition: A discrete quantity is one that is separate or discontinuous from other values. The distribution of discrete quantities is lumpy or ordinal across multiple entities in the same class or type. By definition, discrete quantities are not continuous.
scope note: A Secondness

diseases
type: Class
subclass of: living things
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: drugs
  union of: economic systems
  union of: facilities
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: disease
alternative label: pathology
definition: Diseases are atypical or unusual or unhealthy conditions for (mostly human) living things, generally known as conditions, disorders, infections, diseases or syndromes. Diseases only affect living things and sometimes are caused by living things. This SuperType also includes impairments, disease vectors, wounds and injuries, and poisoning.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Diseases SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Thirdness

drugs
type: Class
subclass of: artifacts
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: diseases
  union of: economic systems
  union of: event types
  union of: facilities
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: situation types
  union of: social systems
  union of: structured information
  union of: time types
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: drug
alternative label: pharmaceutical
definition: This SuperType is a drug, medication or addictive substance, or a toxin or a poison.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Drugs SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

dyadic monads
type: Class
subclass of: monads
alternative label: assertion
alternative label: attribute
alternative label: characteristic
alternative label: relation
alternative label: simple sentence
alternative label: statement
definition: Dyadic monads are "indecomposable" elements that capture the ideas of relation, fact and reaction characteristic of Secondness. Like all monads, they are possibles or potentials, and not actually realized in any way. They are the possible ways that particulars might be understood in and of themselves, in isolation without respect to any other or contrast.
scope note: A Secondness

economic systems
type: Class
subclass of: social systems
disjoint with: Class
  union of: animals
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: living things
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: times
alternative label: economic system
alternative label: economy
alternative label: finance
alternative label: finance and economy
definition: An economic system is a system of production, resource allocation, and distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area. It includes the combination of the various institutions, agencies, entities, decision-making processes, and patterns of consumption and financing that comprise the economic structure of a given community. As such, an economic system is a type of social system. This SuperType pertains to all things financial and with respect to the economy, including chartable company performance, stock index entities, money, local currencies, taxes, incomes, accounts and accounting, mortgages and property.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the EconomicSystems SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

emergent knowledge
type: Class
subclass of: methodeutic
alternative label: emergence
alternative label: new knowledge
definition: Knowledge emergence is the result of a process (the methodeutic) whereby new complex entities, principals of the real world, or discovery of new insights are made. The new knowledge so discovered then requires inspection for how it fits and interacts with the world, oft resulting in the emergence of new domains for inquiry. Knowledge may also emerge when existing assumptions are tested and found to be incorrect. Thus, knowledge is always emerging and our understanding of the world is always fallible. But the discovery and the emergence of new knowledge is always available to any domain of inquiry. Emergence is central in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry and psychological phenomena emerge from the neurobiological phenomena of living things. Likewise, economic and legal phenomena emerge from psychology. In philosophy, emergence typically refers to emergentism. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of epistemic or ontological irreducibility to the lower levels. In the Peircean sense, the basis for emergence rests in the logic of semiosis and the triadic categories of Firstness, Secondness and Thirdness.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the EmergentKnowledge SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Thirdness

entities
type: Class
subclass of: particulars
alternative label: entity
alternative label: instance
alternative label: instances
definition: Entities are the various ways that individuals (or particulars) may be expressed and understood. Entities may be qualitative, actual, or conceptual. The awareness of entities begins in an instant. The awareness of entities is an event, as is the cognition about them.
scope note: A Thirdness

essential dyad
type: Class
subclass of: monadic dyads
definition: An essential dyad is where both the subject and the object of the dyad are monads. This realization takes the form of a subsumptive realization (as scarlet is to red, for example).
editorial note: From CP 1.462: "The only primary essential dyadism is that between a containing monadic quality and a contained monadic quality. For qualities cannot resemble one another nor contrast with one another unless in respect to a third quality; so that the resemblance of qualities is triadic."
scope note: A Secondness

eternal
type: Class
subclass of: time
alternative label: always
alternative label: permanent
definition: Eternal is lasting forever, unending.
editorial note: See CP 1.427.
scope note: A Thirdness

eukaryotes
type: Class
subclass of: living things
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: economic systems
  union of: event types
  union of: facilities
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: natural substances
  union of: places
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: social systems
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: time types
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: eukaryote
definition: Eukaryotes are living things that have a cell nucleus and cell membrane, and are one of the three major kingdoms of life.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Eukaryotes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Secondness

event types
type: Class
subclass of: time types
disjoint with: Class
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: facilities
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: location or place
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
alternative label: event
definition: These are nameable occasions, games, sports events, conferences, natural phenomena, natural disasters, wars, incidents, anniversaries, holidays, or notable moments or periods in time Events have a finite duration, with a beginning and end. Individual events (such as wars, disasters, newsworthy occasions) may also have their own names.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the EventTypes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Secondness

events
type: Class
subclass of: particulars
alternative label: actuality
alternative label: event
alternative label: occurrence
definition: Events are occurrences resulting from the dual effects of an action and a countervailing reaction, that result in an existence. Events begin in an instant and may be no longer than that, or may continue through many instants and still retain an event identity. Thus, events may have duration. Also, thoughts are events. Without events, there are no entities. Events may have a finite duration, with a beginning and end. Individual events (such as wars, disasters, newsworthy occasions) may also have their own names. Events are demarcated by a change, or a difference in state (that is, qualities). A change may occur by chance, by exertion, by perception, or any other action.
editorial note: From 5.284: ". . . there is no intuition or cognition not determined by previous cognitions, it follows that the striking in of a new experience is never an instantaneous affair, but is an event occupying time, and coming to pass by a continuous process."
editorial note: From CP 1.132: ". . . every event is precisely determined by general laws, which evidently never can be rendered probable by observation, and which, if admitted, must, therefore, stand as self-evident."
editorial note: From CP 1.24: "Let us begin with considering actuality, and try to make out just what it consists in. If I ask you what the actuality of an event consists in, you will tell me that it consists in its happening then and there. The specifications then and there involve all its relations to other existents. The actuality of the event seems to lie in its relations to the universe of existents. . . . Actuality is something brute. There is no reason in it. I instance putting your shoulder against a door and trying to force it open against an unseen, silent, and unknown resistance. We have a two-sided consciousness of effort and resistance, which seems to me to come tolerably near to a pure sense of actuality. On the whole, I think we have here a mode of being of one thing which consists in how a second object is. I call that Secondness."
editorial note: From CP 1.336: "We perceive objects brought before us; but that which we especially experience -- the kind of thing to which the word "experience" is more particularly applied -- is an event. We cannot accurately be said to perceive events; for this requires what Kant called the "synthesis of apprehension," not however, by any means, making the needful discriminations. A whistling locomotive passes at high speed close beside me. As it passes the note of the whistle is suddenly lowered from a well-understood cause. I perceive the whistle, if you will. I have, at any rate, a sensation of it. But I cannot be said to have a sensation of the change of note. I have a sensation of the lower note. But the cognition of the change is of a more intellectual kind. That I experience rather than perceive. It is [the] special field of experience to acquaint us with events, with changes of perception. Now that which particularly characterizes sudden changes of perception is a shock. A shock is a volitional phenomenon."
editorial note: From CP 1.492: "It is, in the first place, only real events that "take place," or have dates, in real time. Imaginary events, the course of a romance, are represented as having relations like those of time among one another, but they have no real places in time. . . . What, then, is a real event? It is an existential junction of incompossible facts." See further CP 1.492 - 1.494.
editorial note: From CP 1.493: "In general, however, we may say that for an event there is requisite: first, a contradiction; second, existential embodiments of these contradictory states; [third,] an immediate existential junction of these two contradictory existential embodiments or facts, so that the subjects are existentially identical; and fourth, in this existential junction a definite one of the two facts must be existentially first in the order of evolution and existentially second in the order of involution. We say the former is earlier, the latter later in time. That is, the past can in some measure work upon and influence (or flow into) the future, but the future cannot in the least work upon the past. On the other hand, the future can remember and know the past, but the past can only know the future so far as it can imagine the process by which the future is to be influenced."
editorial note: From CP 5.472: "An event, A, may, by brute force, produce an event, B; and then the event, B, may in its turn produce a third event, C. The fact that the event, C, is about to be produced by B has no influence at all upon the production of B by A. It is impossible that it should, since the action of B in producing C is a contingent future event at the time B is produced. Such is dyadic action, which is so called because each step of it concerns a pair of objects."
editorial note: In CP 2.245, CSP defines a Sinsign as either an existent thing or an event.
editorial note: See CP 1.492-494.
scope note: A Secondness

exertion
type: Class
subclass of: action
alternative label: effort
alternative label: work
definition: Exertion is the application of force, including thought.
scope note: A Firstness

facilities
type: Class
subclass of: artifacts
disjoint with: Class
  union of: animals
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: event types
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: living things
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: situation types
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: written information
alternative label: facility
definition: Facilities are physical places or buildings constructed by humans, such as schools, public institutions, markets, museums, amusement parks, worship places, stations, airports, ports, carstops, lines, railroads, roads, waterways, tunnels, bridges, parks, sport facilities, monuments. All can be geospatially located. Facilities also include animal pens and enclosures and general human "activity" areas (golf course, archeology sites, etc.). Iportantly Facilities include infrastructure systems such as roadways and physical networks. Facilities also include the component parts that go into making them (such as foundations, doors, windows, roofs, etc.) Facilities can also include natural structures that have been converted or used for human activities, such as occupied caves or agricultural facilities. Finally, facilities also include workplaces. Workplaces are areas of human activities, ranging from single person workstations to large aggregations of people (but which are not formal political entities)
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Facilities SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

fictional
type: Class
subclass of: oneness
alternative label: fiction
alternative label: imaginary
alternative label: not real
definition: Fictional is invented, imaginary or not real. Fictions exist in the mind or in concept, but are not real things in the world. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Thirdness

first monads
type: Class
subclass of: monads
alternative label: ontic
alternative label: qualia
definition: First monads are "indecomposable" elements that capture the quality (suchness), haecceity (thisness) or pluralness of things. Like all monads, they are possibles or potentials, and not actually realized in any way. They are the possible ways that particulars and generals might be understood in and of themselves, in isolation without respect to any other or contrast. Like its alternate label, first monads are similar to ontic (from the Greek ὄν, genitive ὄντος: "of that which is"), relating to the physical, real, or factual existence. Ontic describes what is there, as opposed to the nature or properties of that being.
editorial note: Category name could also be 'Ontic'; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontic. Could also be called 'Qualia'; see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia. See also http://cogprints.org/254/1/quinqual.htm for whether Qualia are a descriptor we want to use
editorial note: From CP 1.303: "The pure idea of a monad is not that of an object. For an object is over against me. But it is much nearer an object than it is to a conception of self, which is still more complex. There must be some determination, or suchness, otherwise we shall think nothing at all. But it must not be an abstract suchness, for that has reference to a special suchness. It must be a special suchness with some degree of determination, not, however, thought as more or less. There is to be no comparison. So that it is a suchness Imagine me to make and in a slumberous condition to have a vague, unobjectified, still less unsubjectified, sense of redness, or of salt taste, or of an ache, or of grief or joy, or of a prolonged musical note. That would be, as nearly as possible, a purely monadic state of feeling. Now in order to convert that psychological or logical conception into a metaphysical one, we must think of a metaphysical monad as a pure nature, or quality, in itself without parts or features, and without embodiment. Such is a pure monad. The meanings of names of "secondary" qualities are as good approximations to examples of monads as can be given."
scope note: A Firstness

food or drink
type: Class
subclass of: artifacts
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: diseases
  union of: economic systems
  union of: facilities
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: situation types
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
definition: This SuperType is any edible substance grown, made or harvested by humans. The category also specifically includes the concept of cuisines
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the FoodDrink SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

form
type: Class
subclass of: thisness
alternative label: appearance
alternative label: congfiguration
alternative label: forms
alternative label: shape
definition: Form is the material transformation or appearance of matter; it is what is perceived about an object including shape, material, color and other perceptual properties. As an "indecomposable" this is the possibility or potential of form rather than actual form.
scope note: A Thirdness

Forms
type: Class
subclass of: space types
alternative label: form
alternative label: form types
definition: This SuperType category includes all aspects of the shapes that objects take in space; Forms is thus closely related to Shapes. The Forms SuperType is also the collection of natural cartographic features that occur on the surface of the Earth or other planetary bodies, as well as the form shapes that naturally occurring matter may assume. Positive examples include Mountain, Ocean, and Mesa. Artificial features such as canals are excluded. Most instances of these natural features have a fixed location in space.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Forms SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Thirdness

functional components
type: Class
subclass of: part of
alternative label: functional component
alternative label: sub-system
definition: A functional component is a system of interacting or interdependent component parts forming a complex/intricate unit, but which still fulfills its essence as a part of a whole. For example, a heart is a functional component of many animals, or a transmission or engine are functional components of automobiles.
scope note: A Thirdness

generals
type: Class
equivalent class: SuperTypes
alternative label: class
alternative label: classes
alternative label: super type
alternative label: super types
alternative label: supertype
alternative label: universals
definition: Generals are classes, types or kinds (natural kinds or classes) whose members are instances that share intensional or extensional aspects with other instance members. In Peircean terms, 'generals' are collections of individuals or predicates that have the same properties or characteristics (are intensional). Generals may be organized into a hierarchy of sub-types, with children inheriting the properties or characteristics of the parent(s). It is thus possible to infer across sub-type lineages. Generals are also sometimes referred to as either types or kinds.
editorial note: Generals include all of the types in the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO). The types themselves are organized into typologies, segregated by the SuperTypes noted under this branch. Most of the typologies (especially those marked as 'major' ones) are disjoint (non-overlapping) with one another. This disjointedness is a key structural aspect in being able to reason and slice-and-dice the entire KBpedia knowledge space.
editorial note: Note there is a degree of structural similarity between the main Particulars branch in KKO and the main Generals branch. This structural similarity is because Particulars deal with the nature and classification of individuals or instances, while Generals deal with the quite similar classification of classes or types. Fundamentally, all instances are characterized according to the Particulars branch; all types are characterized according to the Generals branch.
scope note: A Thirdness

geopolitical
type: Class
subclass of: agents
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: animals
  union of: artifacts
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: economic systems
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: event types
  union of: facilities
  union of: food or drink
  union of: information
  union of: living things
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: products
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: shapes
  union of: situation types
  union of: structured information
  union of: time types
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
definition: The Geopolitical SuperType is for named places that have some informal or formal political (authorized) component. Important subcollections include Country, IndependentCountry, State_Geopolitical, City, and Province.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Geopolitical SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Thirdness

icon
type: Class
subclass of: representation
alternative label: icons
alternative label: replica
definition: An Icon is a sign which refers to the Object that it denotes merely by virtue of characters of its own, and which it possesses, just the same, whether any such Object actually exists or not. (from CP 2.247) As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Firstness

iconic
type: Class
subclass of: indicatives
alternative label: likeness
definition: Iconic monads are where the representation of something has an analogous relationship to that thing. They are of the form of an image or diagram or perceptual analog. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Firstness

identity
type: Class
subclass of: oneness
definition: Identity is the relation each thing bears just to itself, or sameness. Identity is a relation that x and y stand in if, and only if, they are one and the same thing, or identical to each other (i.e. if, and only if x = y). As an "indecomposable", identity is the potential or possibility of such a dyadic relationship, rather than the dyad itself. Nature is the essential properties and causes of things to be what they are. Nature defines what the essence, or hypokeimenon, is of the given thing.
scope note: A Firstness

index
type: Class
subclass of: representation
alternative label: indexes
alternative label: indice
definition: An Index is a sign which refers to the Object that it denotes by virtue of being really affected by that Object. (from CP 2.248) As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Secondness

indexes
type: Class
subclass of: representation types
alternative label: IDs
alternative label: identifiers
alternative label: index
alternative label: indices
definition: Indirect references or pointers that help situate or draw attention to the subject.
editorial note: Concepts in this type include URIs, identifiers, keys, indices, references, semes, propositions (w/o objects), codes, selections, directional, citations, contextual (?), pronouns.
scope note: A Secondness

indexical
type: Class
subclass of: indicatives
alternative label: index
alternative label: indicator
alternative label: indices
definition: An indexical monad is anything that directs attention. An indexical does not assert anything. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Secondness

indicatives
type: Class
subclass of: dyadic monads
alternative label: about
alternative label: indication
alternative label: indicative
definition: Indicatives are dyadic monads that relate two items together but do not enable or support logical assertions. Indicatives act as iconic or referential indexes or provide associations such as denotation or similarity. An indicative, like a pointing finger or an iconic image, directs attention to an object. Indicatives are any indicator, pointer, connecter, or reference between individuals that stands apart from the referent. Indicatives are not assertions, they are more like associations and indicators, and can not be reasoned over, but provide an alternative means to indicate a given thing. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: Pronouns are indicative words, such as: this, that, something, anything.
scope note: A Thirdness

information
type: Class
subclass of: symbolic
disjoint with: Class
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: biological processes
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: living things
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: times
definition: The Information SuperType is a grouping of SuperTypes dealing with any aspect of human or computer information, including written, audio, visual or structural forms. All instances in this SuperType are conceptual works.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Information SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Firstness

inherence
type: Class
subclass of: attributives
definition: An inherence dyad is one in which a quality (single monad) is matched with a subject.
scope note: A Thirdness

inherent
type: Class
subclass of: suchness
alternative label: quiddity
definition: Inherent is a quality "possessed" by something. As an "indecomposable", inherent is a potential character or characteristic of something that helps define what it is. In scholastic philosophy, quiddity is another term for the essence of an object, literally its "whatness" or "what it is". Quiddity describes properties that a particular entity (e.g., an automobile) shares with others of its kind. It is not exactly equivalent to essence, since some shared properties may not be central to a thing's essence. For example, an automobile may share with another automobile the property of tinted windows, but that character is not central to the automobile's essence.
editorial note: See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiddity.
scope note: A Secondness

inherential dyad
type: Class
subclass of: monadic dyads
alternative label: attribute
definition: An inherential dyad is one where a monad is matched with a non-monadic subject. An inherential dyad is also known as an intrinsic attribute.
editorial note: Though an inherential dyad strongly resembles an essential dyad, "It is, after all, however, radically different from the essential dyad, because the quality of the subject of inherence is a mere accident of that individual. Inherence may be regarded from another point of view. Namely, the individual subject may be conceived as brought into relation to itself by the possession of the attribute." (from CP 1.464)
scope note: A Thirdness

methods of inquiry
type: Class
subclass of: methodeutic
alternative label: inquiry
alternative label: inquiry methods
alternative label: knowledge discovery
definition: These are the methods and techniques for testing facts and assumptions, organizing inquiry and research, and all other methodologies associated with the quest to gain new knowledge. The methods of inquiry and the information base to which they are applied differ by knowledge domain.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the InquiryMethods SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Firstness

instants
type: Class
subclass of: time
alternative label: moments
definition: An instant is an infinitesimal moment in time, a moment whose passage is instantaneous.
scope note: A Firstness

intervals
type: Class
subclass of: time
alternative label: interval
alternative label: segments
alternative label: time span
definition: Any duration of time from the shortest of moments to eons.
scope note: A Secondness

intrinsic
type: Class
subclass of: inherence
definition: An intrinsic attribute is shown by reaction; it is a quality that arises from the thing as a result of an action (perception or exertion). It is a character that is embodied or integral to the thing at hand. An intrinsic attribute is of the nature of a given thing; it is a necessary inherence. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: See CP 1.563.
scope note: A Thirdness

intrinsic attributes
type: Class
subclass of: attribute types
alternative label: inherent
alternative label: innate
alternative label: intensional
alternative label: intrinsic
alternative label: intrinsic attribute
alternative label: qualities
definition: Innate characteristics or essences of single entities or events (particulars).
editorial note: Concepts in this type include oneness, qualities, feelings, inherent, negation, is, has, intensional, naturalness, internal, innateness.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the IntrinsicAttributeTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, IntrinsicAttributeTypes are NOT EntityTypes. IntrinsicAttributeTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of intrinsic attributes.
scope note: A Firstness

knowledge domains
type: Class
subclass of: methodeutic
alternative label: academic disciplines
alternative label: fields of study
definition: Knowledge domains are the topics for study and discovery. The boundaries of the domains are somewhat arbitrary, but describe common fields of inquiry and study. It is through the intense knowledge gained by studying these domains that can produce the insights for new knowledge. Knowledge domains are often the focus of academic studies and disciplines, what OpenCyc calls FieldsOfStudy. Systematic human activity in these domains creates, builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the domain at hand (which may result in the expansion into new domains).
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the KnowledgeDomains SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types. KnowledgeDomain is nearly synonymous with FieldsOfStudy.
editorial note: This node traces out all of the major sub-branches of the OpenCyc FieldsOfStudy. The upper portions may be aligned with Peirce's natural science classification (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_sciences_%28Peirce%29)
scope note: A Secondness

learning processes
type: Class
subclass of: conceptual systems
alternative label: learning
alternative label: learning process
definition: Learning processes are the ways to acquire new, or to modify or reinforce, existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the LearningProcesses SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Thirdness

living things
type: Class
subclass of: organic matter
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: economic systems
  union of: facilities
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural substances
  union of: places
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: animate thing
alternative label: animate things
alternative label: life form
alternative label: life forms
alternative label: living thing
alternative label: organism
alternative label: organisms
definition: The Living Things SuperType is for all living organisms, including humans (as animals). Also included in the definition are the diseases that may affect living things.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the LivingThings SuperType (ST); it connects to an intermediate typology.
scope note: A Secondness

location or place
type: Class
subclass of: places
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: animals
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: event types
  union of: food or drink
  union of: information
  union of: living things
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: structured information
  union of: time types
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: location
alternative label: locations
alternative label: place
alternative label: places
definition: The LocationPlace SuperType is for bounded and defined points in "space", which can be positiioned via some form of coordinate system and can often be shown as points of interest (POIs) on a map. This SuperType is distinguished by areas or locations, which are often best displayed as polygons or polylines on a map.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the LocationPlace SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

magnitudes
type: Class
subclass of: values
alternative label: amount
alternative label: magnitude
definition: Magnitude is the size of a mathematical object, a property by which the object can be compared as larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind. More formally, an object's magnitude is an ordering (or ranking) of the class of objects to which it belongs.
scope note: A Thirdness

manifestations
type: Class
subclass of: SuperTypes
alternative label: manifestation
definition: This grouping of SuperTypes includes what might be termed perceived "reality", including substances and ideas and concepts. Manifestations are the various ways that substances or ideas and concepts may be expressed or perceived. The three major subdivisions of Manifestation are Natural (inanimate) Matter, Organic (living and decomposed) Matter, and Symbolic (which are human works, ideas or information). Fictional things may also be manifestations of a symbolic type.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Manifestions SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Thirdness

matter
type: Class
subclass of: real
alternative label: ordinary matter
alternative label: substance
definition: Matter includes ordinary matter composed of atoms, and in the 20th centry also has come to be understood as including other energy phenomena such as light or sound. Most matter is understood to have mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substances that make up all observable physical or real objects. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Firstness

mediation
type: Class
subclass of: triadic monads
alternative label: betweenness
alternative label: conciliation
alternative label: intermediation
alternative label: representation
alternative label: satisficing
alternative label: synthesis
definition: Mediation is the representation of "something of" to "something to". Mediation is the bringing together of a Firstness and a Secondness. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: Mediation is perhaps the most common term used by CSP for Thirdness.
editorial note: See CP 6.32.
scope note: A Secondness

mediative relations
type: Class
subclass of: relation types
alternative label: genres
alternative label: mediative relation
alternative label: similarities
definition: Relationships of relevance, meaning or explanation – namely, thirdness – about subjects and types.
editorial note: Concepts in this type include concepts, generalities, similarity, genres, aspects, comparison, performance, thought, triadic, agreement/difference, placement in space/time (contiguity), conditional, reasoning, classification.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the MediativelRelationTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, MediativeRelationTypes are NOT EntityTypes. MediativeRelationTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of mediative relations.
scope note: A Thirdness

members
type: Class
subclass of: part of
alternative label: individual
alternative label: instance
alternative label: member
definition: A member is any one of the distinct objects that make up that set. Members are normally understood as the instances or individuals that comprise a class, kind or type.
scope note: A Firstness

mentation
type: Class
subclass of: triadic monads
alternative label: considering
alternative label: mentality
alternative label: thinking
definition: Mentation is the formation of concepts, ideas, thinking and any symbol formation or modification in the mind. Cognition is not an exact synomym or analog because mentation is not necessarily as structured or knowledge-oriented. Mentation is thought of any kind or nature. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Thirdness

methodeutic
type: Class
subclass of: systems
description: The methodeutic, so coined by Charles S. Peirce to distinguish from common methods, is nonetheless the methodology and techniques for inquiry and knowledge development, expressed as the scientific method in its fullest form. Abductive reasoning and hypothesis generation are key aspects of the method, which involves, for any given domain, observing and questioning the facts and generalities of the domain in order to discover new knowledge. That new knowledge results from posing and testing hypotheses about the possible explanations for the observations and potentials. The methodeutic is the penultimate and last step in logical inquiry. The new knowledge generated as a result of the methodeutic then becomes the object of subsequent inspection and inquiry, with new hypotheses generated and new tests conducted. In this manner knowledge is discovered, confirmed or denied, which forms the basis for extensions and revisions to the current knowledge base.
alternative label: methods
alternative label: speculative rhetoric
definition: The methodeutic is the methodology and techniques for inquiry and knowledge development. Abductive reasoning and hypothesis generation are key aspects of the methodeutic.
editorial note: No. 27 of Methodeutic. The first business of this memoir is to show the precise nature of methodeutic; how it differs from critic; how, although it considers not what is admissable but what is advantageous, it is nevertheless a purely theoretical study, and not an art; how it is from the most strictly theoretical point of view, an absolutely essential and distinct department of logical inquiry; and how upon the other hand, it is readily made useful to a researcher into any science, even mathematics. It strongly resembles the purely mathematical part of political economy, which is also a theoretical study of advantages. Of the different classes of arguments, abductions are the only ones in which after they have been admitted to be just, it still remains to inquire whether they are advantageous. But since the whole business of heuretic, so far as its theory goes, falls under methodeutic, there is no kind of argumentation that methodeutic can pass over without notice. Nor is methodeutic confined to the consideration of arguments. On the contrary, its special subjects have always been understood to be the definition and division of terms. The formation of systems of propositions, although it has been neglected, should also evidently be included in methodeutic. In its method, methodeutic is less strict than critic. CSP 1902 | Carnegie Institution Correspondence | HP 2:1035; NEM 4:26
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Methodeutic SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
editorial note: This node traces out all of the major sub-branches of the OpenCyc FieldsOfStudy. It should be reviewed to see if the upper portions can be aligned with Peirce's natural science classification (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_sciences_%28Peirce%29)
editorial note: …Methodeutic, which is the last goal of logical study[,] is the theory of the advancement of knowledge of all kinds. CSP 1903 | Lecture I [R] | MS [R] 449:56
editorial note: …one branch of logic is methodeutic, which should investigate the general principles upon which scientific studies should be carried on. CSP 1905 | Adirondack Summer School Lectures | MS [R] 1334:28
scope note: A Thirdness

mixed stuff
type: Class
subclass of: complex entities
alternative label: mixture
definition: Mixed stuff is the combination of two or more individuals that has no identity beyond its mixture. For example, dry cement mix or baking ingredients fits into this category. However, if by virtue of the mixture or some process applied to it, such as adding water to make concrete or baking in an oven, a new identity gets created, then the thing should be more properly categorized as a compound entity.
scope note: A Secondness

monadic dyads
type: Class
subclass of: particulars
alternative label: existence
alternative label: monadic dyad
definition: A monadic dyad has at least one monad as part of the pair in a dyad. It can be formed from monads alone (applicable to all under the Monads branch), or an inherential dyad of a subject and a monad, because it is an intrinsic quality of an object. A monadic dyad is the realization of these dyads, making real the possibility by conceptualizing or discussing them. A monadic dyad is a realized thing, but it is not clear if it is an individual or instance. If it could be so grasped, it would be an entity.
editorial note: From CP 1.532: "We may say with some approach to accuracy that the general Firstness of all true Secondness is existence, though this term more particularly applies to Secondness in so far as it is an element of the reacting first and second."
scope note: A Firstness

monads
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
alternative label: element
alternative label: elements
alternative label: indecomposable
alternative label: indecomposables
alternative label: monad
alternative label: primitive
alternative label: primitives
definition: Monads are what CSP called "indecomposables", that is fundamental concepts and ideas that are integral to themselves and can not be "decomposed" into smaller units or concepts. The purest form (a First) of monads is what CSP called Quality or Feeling. it is the unrealized possiblity or potential of a sensation. (If realized, it becomes Secondness.) CSP maintained (proved) that all complex structures and concepts can be "decomposed" to no more than two (Secondenss, or Relations or Facts) or three (Thirdness, or Mediation or Thought) of these monads. The concept of these monads together and in themselves constitutes a monad in that the idea or concept of them stands on its own, and can not be "decomposed" to smaller units.
editorial note: CSP considered the term 'elements' but rejected it as not sufficiently precise. 'Primitives' are also a possible term, but is not used because CSP reserved that term for some kinds of relations.
editorial note: Concepts that are Firstness and at the appropriate level of generality, but NOT yet included in this Monads branch are: Beauty Ethics State Truth
editorial note: From CP 1.328: "The being of a monadic quality is a mere potentiality, without existence. Existence is purely dyadic."
editorial note: We can have first, second, and third monads because the idea of the things can be seen as a possibility in itself. As CSP states in CP 1.450: "The first of these is that any unit (or units) whatsoever contemplated in itself without conscious regard to its parts would, were our sense to respond to it, be seen to embody a monad." Peirce goes on to say (in CP 1.451): "What has been here affirmed of collections of units is equally true of collections of monads. Namely, any monads may be contemplated together, and in their monadic aspect without regard to the single monads are seen to be one monad. There is thus a relation between monads similar to the relation of a unit to a monad. But there is this difference in the two cases: a monad thus embraced under another monad is so embraced in its very mode of being, while that a unit should be embraced under a monad has no concern with the mode of existence of the unit, which lies in its brute self-identity and otherness from all the rest." What this means is that a *type*, a natural class or natural kind, can itself be represented as a monad when considered in its entirety (as the idea or concept, not as its collection of members). We can thus apply the same idea of dyadic relations as applied to monads as being applicable to the type ideal. This formulation is somewhat akin to the idea of "punning" in the OWL 2 language.
scope note: A Firstness

monoidal dyad
type: Class
subclass of: monadic dyads
alternative label: secondary quality
definition: A monoidal dyad is a dyad formed by realizing (conceptualizing or denoting) a single monad; it is self-referential. A monoidal dyad is a realized monad, making real the possibility by conceptualizing or discussing it. Any of the possibles or potentials provided under the Monads branch may be realized as a monoidal dyad.
editorial note: Every possible or potential monad provided under the Monads branch may be made real or conceptualized as a monoidal dyad (particular).
editorial note: See CP 1.303: "The meanings of names of "secondary" qualities are as good approximations to examples of monads as can be given."
scope note: A Firstness

multitudes
type: Class
subclass of: values
alternative label: count
alternative label: multitude
definition: Multitude, or count, is the number of elements of a finite set of objects.
scope note: A Secondness

natural matter
type: Class
subclass of: manifestations
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: audio information
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: natural things
definition: The Natural Matter SuperType captures all non-living, non-artifactual actual things found in nature, and not a result of human or cognitive activity.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the NaturalMatter SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Firstness

natural phenomena
type: Class
subclass of: constituents
disjoint with: Class
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: drugs
  union of: economic systems
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
alternative label: natural phenomenon
alternative label: natural processes
definition: This SuperType includes natural phenomena and natural processes such as weather, weathering, erosion, fires, lightning, earthquakes, tectonics, etc. Clouds and weather processes are specifically included. Also includes climate cycles, general natural events (such as hurricanes) that are not specifically named.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the NaturalPhenomona SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Firstness
scope note: Were this to be split, possible categories are Energy (Firstness), Light (Secondness) and Matter (Thirdness) as constituent concepts

natural substances
type: Class
subclass of: natural matter
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: action types
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: living things
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: natural materials
alternative label: natural substance
definition: The Natural Substances SuperType are minerals, compounds, chemicals, or physical objects that are not the outcome of purposeful human effort, but are found naturally occurring. Other natural objects (such as rock, fossil, etc.) are also found under this SuperType. Chemicals can be Natural Substances, but only if they are naturally occurring, such as limestone or salt.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the NaturalSubstances SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Secondness

negation
type: Class
subclass of: inherence
definition: Negation is the complementary selection of all other characters when a given character (monad) is selected. That is, when something is selected, all other characters of a similar nature are not selected. Negation can also be indicated as an active exclusion. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: From CP 2.379: "The conception of negation, objectively considered, is one of the most important of logical relations; but subjectively considered, it is not a term of logic at all, but is prelogical. That is to say, it is one of those ideas which must have been fully developed and mastered before the idea of investigating the legitimacy of reasonings could have been carried to any extent."
editorial note: See CP 1.450: "Those objects of the universe which do not possess a given character possess another character which, in reference to that universe, is in the relation of negation to the first. Hence, it is impossible to form a single class of dyads; two classes of dyads must be formed at once. Hence, considering all the monads which can appear on the contemplation of sets of units of the universe in their monadic aspect, every single unit is determined to be one subject of a dyad which has any one of those monads as its second subject, namely it is either such a dyad as determines it to have the character of being one of the units which made up the object of the contemplation in which that monad appeared, or it is such a dyad as determines the unit to have the character belonging to all the other units of the universe."
editorial note: See CP 1.563, where it is also called a “possible inherence” or “negative unity”.
scope note: A Secondness

numbers
type: Class
subclass of: values
alternative label: number
definition: A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label values.
scope note: A Firstness

oneness
type: Class
subclass of: attributives
alternative label: essence
alternative label: hypokeimenon
alternative label: identical
alternative label: sameness
definition: Oneness is the identity and nature of the attributive in relation to its subject. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokeimenon and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence.
scope note: A Firstness

opponents
type: Class
subclass of: relatives
alternative label: alio-relative
alternative label: opponent
definition: An opponent is a simple relative whose elements are of the form A:B. The character signified by an opponent is a relative character (that is, one that cannot be prescinded from reference to a correlate). An opponent contains no pair of elements with itself. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: See CP 3.136; CP 3.226.
scope note: A Secondness

organic chemistry
type: Class
subclass of: organic matter
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: audio information
  union of: economic systems
  union of: facilities
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: location or place
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: social systems
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: biochemistry
definition: The Organic Chemistry SuperType is for all chemistry involving carbon, including the biochemistry of living organisms and the materials chemistry (including polymers) of organic compounds such as fossil fuels.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the OrganicChemistry SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Firstness

organic matter
type: Class
subclass of: manifestations
disjoint with: Class
  union of: audio information
  union of: times
definition: This umbrella SuperType represents all living things, dead things, decompositions from dead things, and fluids or excretions from living things. All agents related to living things or organizations are included. The organic chemistry underlying life is also included, as are diseases associated with living things.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the OrganicMatter SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Secondness

organizations
type: Class
subclass of: agents
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: food or drink
  union of: information
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: groups
alternative label: organization
definition: Organization is a broad SuperType and includes formal collections of humans, sometimes by legal means, charter, agreement or some mode of formal understanding. Examples include geoplotical entities such as nations, municipalities or countries (though these have also been segregated into their own supertype); or companies, institutes, governments, universities, militaries, political parties, game groups, international organizations, trade associations, etc. All institutions, for example, are organizations. Also included are informal collections of humans. Informal or less defined groupings of humans may result from ethnicity or tribes or nationality or from shared interests (such as social networks or mailing lists) or expertise ("communities of practice"). This dimension also includes the notion of identifiable human groups with set members at any given point in time. Examples include music groups, cast members of a play, directors on a corporate Board, TV show members, gangs, mobs, juries, generations, minorities, etc. Finally, Organizations contain the concepts of Industries and Programs and Communities.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Organizations SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Secondness

otherness
type: Class
subclass of: attributives
alternative label: other
alternative label: secundo
editorial note: In CP 1.296: "In secundo, there is no reason why there should not be indecomposable elements which are what they are relatively to a second but independently of any third. Such, for example, is the idea of otherness. We will call such ideas and all that is marked by them (i.e., dependent on a second)."
editorial note: In CP 1.566: "Otherness . . . is the inseparable spouse of identity: wherever there is identity there is necessarily otherness; and in whatever field there is true otherness there is necessarily identity. Since identity belongs exclusively to that which is hic et nunc, so likewise must otherness. It is, therefore, in a sense a dynamical relation, though only a relation of reason."
preferred label: Otherness is that which comes into focus upon the realization of the one, as its contrast or exclusion from the middle. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Secondness

part of
type: Class
subclass of: entities
definition: An entity that, while discrete, is understood to be part of a larger whole. An entity that is part of a larger whole may exist independently or not from the whole of which it is a part, but in either case is unable to fulfill its essence or complete nature if apart from the whole. A part of entity may be seen as having an identity of its own, and is often nameable.
scope note: A Secondness

particulars
type: Class
subclass of: Thing
alternative label: individual
alternative label: individuals
alternative label: specifics
definition: Particulars, often referred to as Individuals (but that is not absolutely so because of the uncertain status of monadic dyads), are discrete, separate things that have their own identity. Particulars arise from a head-butting duality of action and reaction, and exist totally in the present. Both events and entities are kinds of particulars. Particulars may be understood in an intensional sense, wherein they are defined through a set of characteristics or attributes, the necessary and sufficient properties for belonging to that set. Or, particulars may be understood in an extensional sense, wherein they are defined as one of the members within the set or concept at hand, which is a more relational or contextual view. Particulars may also be a part of something broader so long as they have their own discrete identity. For examples, a specific tire or engine may be an individual or particular part of a car; a baton pass may be a moment within a relay race.
editorial note: Note there is a degree of structural similarity between the main Particulars branch in KKO and the main Generals branch. This structural similarity is because Particulars deal with the nature and classification of individuals or instances, while Generals deal with the quite similar classification of classes or types. Fundamentally, all instances are characterized according to the Particulars branch; all types are characterized according to the Generals branch.
scope note: A Secondness

parts
type: Class
subclass of: part of
alternative label: meronym
alternative label: part
alternative label: part-of
definition: A part, or meronym, denotes a constituent part of, or a member of something. A meronym refers to a part of a whole. For example, 'finger' is a meronym of 'hand' because a finger is part of a hand. Similarly, 'wheel' is a meronym of 'automobile'. In knowledge representation languages, meronymy is often expressed as "part-of".
scope note: A Secondness

perception
type: Class
subclass of: action
alternative label: sensation
definition: Perception is the sensation of feelings. It is also the awareness of qualities (Firstness).
scope note: A Secondness

persons
type: Class
subclass of: agents
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: area or region
  union of: artifacts
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: event types
  union of: facilities
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: products
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: situation types
  union of: structured information
  union of: time types
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: person types
definition: The appropriate SuperType for all named, individual human beings. This SuperType also includes the assignment of formal, honorific or cultural titles given to specific human individuals. It further includes names given to humans who conduct specific jobs or activities (the latter case is known as an avocation). Examples include steelworker, waitress, lawyer, plumber, artisan. Ethnic groups are specifically included. Persons as living animals are included under the Animals SuperType.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Persons SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Firstness

phenomenal
type: Class
subclass of: single entities
alternative label: An object is anything that we can perceive, think or talk about.
alternative label: entity
alternative label: material
alternative label: object
definition: A phenomenal entity is an object that is manifest in some way and form; it is material or can be experienced.
scope note: A Firstness

places
type: Class
subclass of: space types
disjoint with: Class
  union of: animals
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: event types
  union of: food or drink
  union of: living things
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: structured information
  union of: times
  union of: written information
alternative label: place
alternative label: place types
definition: The Places SuperType is for any area within a space. Areas within Places may be either areas or regions or specific locations or places.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Places SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Secondness

plants
type: Class
subclass of: eukaryotes
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: economic systems
  union of: event types
  union of: facilities
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: social systems
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: time types
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: plant
definition: This SuperType includes all plant types and flora, including flowering plants, algae, non-flowering plants, gymnosperms, cycads, and plant parts and body types. Note that all Plant Parts are also included.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Plants SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Secondness

pluralness
type: Class
subclass of: first monads
alternative label: combination
alternative label: composition
alternative label: conceptual
alternative label: plurality
alternative label: tertian
definition: Pluralness is the idea of more than one, and is more than the idea of one in relation to another. As an "indecomposable", pluralness is the potential or possibility of a group or collection more than one or two, but is not an actual collection.
editorial note: From CP 1.297: "In tertio there is no a priori reason why there should not be indecomposable elements which are what they are relatively to a second and a third, regardless of any fourth. Such, for example, is the idea of composition. We will call everything marked by being a third or medium of connection, between a first and second anything, tertian."
editorial note: From CP 4.332: "The general idea of plurality is involved in the fundamental concept of Thirdness, a concept without which there can be no suggestion of such a thing as logic, or such a character as truth. Plurality, therefore, is an idea much more fundamental than that of the ordinal place of a member of a linear series."
scope note: A Thirdness

points
type: Class
subclass of: space
alternative label: POI
alternative label: coordinate
alternative label: point
definition: A point is a primitive notion upon which geometry is built. Being a primitive notion means that a point cannot be defined in terms of previously defined objects. A point is defined only by some properties, called axioms, that it must satisfy. In two-dimensional Euclidean space, a point is represented by an ordered pair (x, y) of numbers, where the first number conventionally represents the horizontal and is often denoted by x, and the second number conventionally represents the vertical and is often denoted by y.
scope note: A Firstness

predications
type: Class
subclass of: SuperTypes
alternative label: predication
alternative label: relations
definition: Predications are the various ways that statements may be made about a subject, including attributes (internal relations), external relations, indexicals and annotations. Collectively, all of these may be deemed as "relations", but it is better to maintain the more distinct typings.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Predications SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Secondness

processes
type: Class
subclass of: continuous
alternative label: process
definition: Processes are a series of activities or events that when combined can lead to particular outcomes. Often the activities or events need to occur in a set order or through set proportions in order for the outcome to occur. Processes may be natural (such as erosion or weathering or sunlight) or biological (such as growth, reproduction or death) or agentivie (such as industrial production, creating works or transporting goods).
scope note: A Thirdness

products
type: Class
subclass of: artifacts
disjoint with: Class
  union of: agents
  union of: biological processes
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: times
alternative label: good
alternative label: product
definition: This is SuperType includes any instance offered for sale or performed as a commercial service. A Product is often a physical object made by humans that is not a conceptual work or a facility, such as vehicles, cars, trains, aircraft, spaceships, ships, foods, beverages, clothes, drugs, weapons.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Products SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

prokaryotes
type: Class
subclass of: living things
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: drugs
  union of: economic systems
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: event types
  union of: facilities
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: situation types
  union of: social systems
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: time types
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: prokaryote
definition: The Prokaryotes include all prokaryotic organisms, including the Monera, Archaebacteria, Bacteria, and Blue-green algas. Prokaryotes lack a cell membrane and cell nucleus. By convention, also included in this SuperType are viruses and prions.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Prokaryotes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Firstness

protists fungus
type: Class
subclass of: eukaryotes
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: economic systems
  union of: event types
  union of: facilities
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural phenomena
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: situation types
  union of: social systems
  union of: society
  union of: structured information
  union of: time types
  union of: times
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
alternative label: fungi
alternative label: fungus
alternative label: protista
alternative label: protists
definition: This is the remaining cluster of eukaryotic organisms, specifically including the fungus and the protista (protozoans and slime molds).
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the ProtistsFungus SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Firstness

quality
type: Class
subclass of: inherence
definition: A Quality in the dyadic monad sense is any of the singular monads under Suchness. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: See CP 1.563, wherein it is described as a “quality in degree a contingent inherence” or "qualitative unity”.
scope note: A Firstness

quantity
type: Class
subclass of: conjunctives
definition: Quantity is a predicate that can exist as a magnitude or multitude. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more," "less," or "equal," or by assigning a numerical value in terms of a unit of measurement. Some quantities are such by their inner nature (as number), while others are functioning as states (properties, dimensions, attributes) of things such as heavy and light, long and short, broad and narrow, small and great, or much and little. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: From CP 4.664: "A quantity is in one sense or another an object of almost any category; but most appropriately the word is used to denote a dyadic relation, which is considered as having conceivable exact determinations differing from one another only in a linear respect, that is, so that there is a dyadic relation of "being r to" such that, of any two of the determinations in the same linear respect, one is r to whatever the other is r to, and is r to something the other is not r to; and to know all the possible determinations to which any determination was in that linear relation would be to know the determination exactly, the determinations being defined as such as to satisfy (especially so as just to satisfy) some general condition. If there is but a single linear respect such that, whatever two conceivable determinations of a quantity be taken, they can differ in that respect alone, it is called a simple quantity; but a quantity whose determinations can differ from others in different linear respects is called a complex quantity. The expressed determination of a quantity in all its linear respects of determination (especially if the expression be such that the determination is exact, that is, is a single one and is not any other), is called the value of the quantity."
editorial note: See also CP 3.252 and CP 4.152.
scope note: A Firstness

real
type: Class
subclass of: oneness
alternative label: reality
definition: Real are things or concepts that have existed, do exist, or will exist. The truth refers to what is real, while falsity refers to what is not. Fictions are considered not real. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Secondness

reference concept
type: Class
subclass of: Concept
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: links entity
  all values from: Thing
alternative label: RC
alternative label: ref concept
alternative label: refconcept
definition: Reference Concepts are a distinct subset of the more broadly understood concept such as used in the SKOS RDFS controlled vocabulary or formal concept analysis or the very general or abstract concepts common to some upper ontologies. Reference Concepts are selected for their use as concrete, subject-related or commonly used notions for describing tangible ideas and referents in human experience and language. Reference Concepts are classes, the members of which are nameable instances or named entities, which by definition are held as distinct from these concepts. The KKO ontology is a coherently organized structure (or reference "backbone") of these Reference Concepts.
editorial note: It is not unusual to want to treat things either as a class or an instance in an ontology, depending on context. Among other aspects, this is known as metamodeling and it can be accomplished in a number of ways. One of the reasons KKO is modeled using the Web Ontology Language (OWL2) is its ability to provide a neat trick for doing this called “punning“. Let's take the example of 'trucks' for why we may want to pun. We may have a category called 'trucks', which may further be split into truck types, brands of trucks, type of engine, and so forth. Yet, when talking about the idea of 'truck', we may want to characterize that a truck is designed primarily for the transport of cargo (as opposed to automobiles for people transport), or that trucks may have different drivers license requirements or different license fees than autos, or certain sizes or weights. These descriptive properties refer to trucks as an instance. These mixed cases combine both the organization of concepts in relation to one another and with respect to their set members, and with the description and characterization of these concepts as things unto themselves. This is a natural and common way to express most any domain of interest. Where we have different contexts for describing or discussing 'trucks', punning gives us the abiity to model both contexts. The punning technique works because the IRI for the object ends up being treated as both a concept (class) and an instance (individual). Thus, while the object shares the same IRI, depending on its context, it is evaluated by an OWL reasoner as a different thing (class or individual). The OWL API achieves this by actually writing out the object in both its class view and individual view. Because of the KKO's role (among others) as a reference structure for mapping and interoperating external data, it is helpful to think of all of the Reference Concepts (RCs) in the system as classes. This can apply to things which are seemingly individuals, such as …

relation types
type: Class
subclass of: predications
alternative label: external relation
alternative label: relation
definition: By definition, RelationTypes are external relations. External relations are assertions between an object, event, entity, type, or concept and another particular or general. An external relationship has the form of A:B. External relations may be simple ones of a direct relationship between two different instances. External relations may be copulative by combining objects or asserting membership, quantity, action or circumstance. Or, external relations may be mediative to provide meaning, context, relevance, generalizations, or other explanations of the subject with respect to the external world. External relations are extensional. These external relations have been categorized according to these distinctions and grouped and organized into types.
editorial note: This General could be split as follows: DyadicRelations [1ns] ExistentialRelations [2ns] (needs to include Creation [3ns] and Destruction [3ns]; separate from CSP definition in 3.571) SituationTypes [3ns]
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the ExternalRelationTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, ExternalRelationTypes are NOT EntityTypes. ExternalRelationTypes connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Relations.
scope note: A Secondness

relational
type: Class
subclass of: suchness
alternative label: connection
definition: A relational is something that brings two monads together. In this "indecomposable" sense, a relational is a possible or potential something to bring or connect or relate two items together; no actual relationship is realized.
scope note: A Thirdness

relatives
type: Class
subclass of: dyadic monads
alternative label: relation
alternative label: relative
definition: Relatives are the manner in which two different or similar things may be connected or related. All of these relationships are dyadic. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: From CP 3.136: "The first division of relatives is, of course, into simple relatives and conjugatives. The most fundamental divisions of simple relatives are based on the distinction between elementary relatives of the form (A:A), and those of the form (A:B). These are divisions in regard to the amount of opposition between relative and correlative."
editorial note: This entire branch likely requires further attention and refinement. A key source for this possible change is CSP's lengthy discussion on 'dyadic relations' (see further CP 3.571). Under that dichotomous scheme, all of the dyadic relations are presented in a dichotomous manner. Further, Concurrents and Opponents are further down the dyadic relation change, all being 'Existential Relations'. This possible review will require extensive study.
scope note: A Secondness

representation
type: Class
subclass of: triadic monads
alternative label: representations
alternative label: sign
definition: A representation is any icon, index, or symbol referring to another specific thing, be it an event, entity, type, predicate, or any other particular that might be used to refer to another particular or general. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Firstness

representation types
type: Class
subclass of: predications
alternative label: annotation
alternative label: annotations
alternative label: indexical
alternative label: indexical type
alternative label: indexicals
alternative label: metadata
alternative label: representations
alternative label: signifiers
definition: Representations are signs, and the means by which we point to, draw or direct attention to, or designate, denote or describe a particular object, entity, event, type or general. A representational relationship has the form of re:A. Representations can be designative of the subject, that is, be icons or symbols (including labels, definitions, and descriptions). Representations may be indexes that more-or-less help situate or provide traceable reference to the subject. Or, representations may be associations, resemblances and likelihoods in relation to the subject, more often of indeterminate character. These representations have been categorized according to these distinctions and grouped and organized into types.
editorial note: Signifier is also a good preferred label, but is not used to avoid confusion with Saussure's semiotic terminology, which has a different grounding than CSP's version.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the RepresentationTypes SuperType (ST). By design and convention, RepresentationTypes are NOT EntityTypes.
scope note: A Thirdness

shapes
type: Class
subclass of: space types
disjoint with: Class
  union of: biological processes
  union of: geopolitical
alternative label: shape
alternative label: shape types
definition: The Shapes SuperType captures all 1D, 2D and 3D shapes, regular or irregular. Most shapes are geometrically describable things.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Shapes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types. Most entities are characterized by a shape. Thus, the Shapes ST is not very useful in disjointedness assertions.
scope note: A Firstness

similarity
type: Class
subclass of: associative
alternative label: resemblance
alternative label: similar
definition: Similarity is that which resembles something else, as in quality, form, etc. Similarity is often qualified by the nature, traits or characteristics in common between the two compared entities. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: From CP 1.567: "Similarity, on the other hand, is of quite a different nature. The forms of the words similarity and dissimilarity suggest that one is the negative of the other, which is absurd, since everything is both similar and dissimilar to everything else. Two characters, being of the nature of ideas, are, in a measure, the same. Their mere existence constitutes a unity of the two, or, in other words, pairs them. Things are similar and dissimilar so far as their characters are so. We see, then, that the first category of relations embraces only similarities; while the second, embracing all other relations, may be termed dynamical relations."
scope note: A Secondness

simple relative
type: Class
subclass of: pluralness
alternative label: A simple relative is a binary relationship where a pair of things stands in a particular relation. Simple relatives may be equivalent relationships or partially equivalent relationships, with various kinds of order.
alternative label: binary relationship
alternative label: correspondence
alternative label: dyadic relationship
scope note: A Secondness

single entities
type: Class
subclass of: entities
alternative label: identities
alternative label: identity
alternative label: single entity
definition: A single entity is an individual that has Identity unique to it without needing to be part of a collective or whole, Identify is the difference or character that marks off an individual from the rest of the same kind; also known by selfhood or sameness.
scope note: A Firstness

situation types
type: Class
subclass of: mediative relations
disjoint with: Class
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: drugs
  union of: facilities
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: persons
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: times
  union of: written information
alternative label: situation
definition: The Situations SuperType is a state or context consisting of one or more objects having certain properties or bearing certain relations to each other. Situations capture the conditions or circumstances for something. Situations can often be a complex combination of contextual conditions.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the SituationTypes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

situations
type: Class
subclass of: states
alternative label: circumstance
alternative label: situation
definition: A situation is a particular set of circumstances or state of affairs or that set the context for how particular actions or events may unfold. Situations influence outcomes and potential outcomes for given occurrences.
scope note: A Firstness

social systems
type: Class
subclass of: systems
disjoint with: Class
  union of: animals
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: biological processes
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
alternative label: social process
alternative label: social processes
alternative label: social system
definition: A social system is a network of relationships constituting a coherent whole that exist between individuals, groups, and institutions. The term refers to the formal structure of role and status that can form in a small, stable group. An individual may belong to multiple social systems at once; examples of social systems include nuclear family units, communities, cities, nations, college campuses, corporations, and industries. The organization and definition of groups within a social system depend on various shared characteristics such as location, socioeconomic status, race, religion, societal function, or other distinguishable features, and may cover perspectives on issues held by different groups. Social systems attempt to capture the complex systems and processes pursued by humans as social groups.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the SocialSystems SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Secondness

society
type: Class
subclass of: social systems
disjoint with: Class
  union of: animals
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
definition: This SuperType category includes concepts related to political systems, laws, rules or cultural mores governing societal or community behavior, or doctrinal, faith or religious bases or entities (such as gods, angels, totems) governing spiritual human matters. Culture, Issues, beliefs and various activisms (most -isms) are included.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Society SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

space
type: Class
subclass of: continuants
definition: Space entities relate to the idea of "space" and locations and positions within that "space". Specific sub-groupings under the category include the definition and specification of 1D, 2D and 3D shapes; places, regions and locations within space; and forms that objects may take within "space".
editorial note: Space is different subjects of one predicate (from CP 1.501).
scope note: A Firstness

space regions
type: Class
subclass of: space
alternative label: region
alternative label: space
definition: Any 3D region that may change over time or scope.
scope note: A Thirdness

space types
type: Class
subclass of: constituents
definition: This category is a grouping of concepts related to the idea of "space" and locations and positions within that "space". Specific sub-groupings under the category include the definition and specification of 1D, 2D and 3D shapes; places, regions and locations within space; and forms that objects may take within "space".
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the SpaceTypes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Thirdness

spontaneous
type: Class
subclass of: events
alternative label: chance
alternative label: randomness
definition: An unpredictable event occurring without apparent cause; a "surprise"
scope note: A Firstness

states
type: Class
subclass of: single entities
alternative label: condition
alternative label: state
definition: A state is a condition or of circumstances applying at any given time. States are possible characteristics of entities, components, compound entities, or kinds. Often states are one of multiple possible conditions potentially applicable to the object at hand. For examples, on-off are two possible states for electrical circuits. Life stages are possible states for living things. Or, gas, liquid or solid states may characterize matter.
scope note: A Secondness

structured information
type: Class
subclass of: information
disjoint with: Class
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: facilities
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: living things
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: times
definition: This information SuperType is for all kinds of structured information and datasets, including computer programs, databases, files, Web pages and structured data that can be presented in tabular form.
scope note: A Thirdness
scope note: This is the tie-in point for the StructuredInfo SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

substantial form
type: Class
subclass of: real
alternative label: essential character
definition: Substantial forms are the forms or ideas that organize matter and make it intelligible. Substantial forms are the source of properties, order, unity, identity, and information about objects. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
editorial note: From Aristotle
scope note: A Secondness

subsumptive
type: Class
subclass of: conjunctives
alternative label: hiearchical
alternative label: is-a
alternative label: subsumption
alternative label: types
alternative label: typical
definition: Subsumption is a 'is-a' relationship between two things where one thing is a sub-class or instance of the other thing, which is its super-class or type, respectively. Anything that satisfies the sub-class or instance specification also satisfies the super-class or type specification. In this way, things become specifics of the general. When referring to a parent thing, the synonym is typical, which relates to types, wherein multiple, shared attributes comprise the types. The shared characteristics of an individual to other individuals in its class constitutes its typicality.
scope note: A Secondness

suchness
type: Class
subclass of: first monads
alternative label: ens
alternative label: primen
alternative label: protoidal
alternative label: qualia
alternative label: quality
definition: Suchness, also known as qualities, or qualia, are the perceived attributes of entities. These perceived properties are an interpretation of the underlying, intrinsic characteristics of the object. Suchness is not realized, but a possibility or potential, and is an "indecomposable" element.
editorial note: In a triples concept, a suchness could represent either the S – P – 0 individually
editorial note: See CP 1.295 (related to the components of the Phaneron): "These things being premised we may say in primo, there is no a priori reason why there should not be indecomposable elements of the phaneron which are what they are regardless of anything else, each complete in itself; provided, of course, that they be capable of composition. We will call these and all that particularly relates to them Priman. Indeed, it is almost inevitable that there should be such, since there will be compound concepts which do not refer to anything, and it will generally be possible to abstract from the internal."
scope note: A Firstness

SuperTypes
type: Class
alternative label: class
alternative label: classes
alternative label: general
alternative label: generals
alternative label: kind
alternative label: kinds
alternative label: type
alternative label: types
definition: SuperTypes are a collection of (mostly) similar Reference Concepts. Most of the SuperType classes have been designed to be (mostly) disjoint from the other SuperType classes. SuperTypes thus provide a higher-level of clustering and organization of Reference Concepts for use in user interfaces and for reasoning purposes.
editorial note: In Peircean (Charles Sanders Peirce) terms, these are 'Generals'
editorial note: SuperTypes include all of the types in the KBpedia Knowledge Ontology (KKO). The types themselves are organized into typologies, segregated by these SuperTypes as placed under this branch. Most of the typologies (especially those marked as 'major' ones) are disjoint (non-overlapping) with one another. This disjointedness is a key structural aspect in being able to reason and slice-and-dice the entire KBpedia knowledge space.
editorial note: Two concepts at sufficient level of generality and seemingly appropriate to this Generals branch, but which are NOT presently listed are: Logic Belief
scope note: A Thirdness

symbol
type: Class
subclass of: representation
alternative label: symbols
definition: A Symbol is a sign which refers to the Object that it denotes by virtue of a law, usually an association of general ideas, which operates to cause the Symbol to be interpreted as referring to that Object. (from CP 2.249) As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Thirdness

symbolic
type: Class
subclass of: manifestations
definition: This grouping of SuperTypes is for all works, ideas, information and concepts resulting from symbolic human (and artificial agent) cognition.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Symbolic SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Thirdness

systems
type: Class
subclass of: symbolic
alternative label: system
definition: Systems are ongoing processes of human- or cognitive-related effort. This SuperType is a grouping of such individual supertypes.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Systems SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Thirdness

thisness
type: Class
subclass of: first monads
alternative label: haecceity
alternative label: hecceity
alternative label: manifestation
alternative label: secundan
alternative label: thatness
definition: Thisness (or thatness) is what kind of thing something is. Thisness, which applies to an undifferentiated individual, is the discrete qualities, properties or characteristics of a thing that make it a particular thing. Haecceity is a person's or object's "thisness," the individualising difference. Haecceity denotes the discrete qualities, properties or characteristics of a thing which make it a particular thing.
editorial note: From CP 3.434: "A sign which denotes a thing by forcing it upon the attention is called an index. An index does not describe the qualities of its object. An object, in so far as it is denoted by an index, having thisness, and distinguishing itself from other things by its continuous identity and forcefulness, but not by any distinguishing characters, may be called a hecceity. A hecceity in its relation to the assertion is a subject thereof."
editorial note: See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haecceity. Hecceity is the term used by CSP.
editorial note: Thisness comes about in contrast to otherness, which is why it is secundan.
scope note: A Secondness

thought
type: Class
subclass of: action
definition: Thought is a sign created in the mind.
scope note: A Thirdness

time
type: Class
subclass of: continuants
definition: A time particular is an entity that represents the indefinite continued progression of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
editorial note: Time is different predicates of one subject (from CP 1.501).
scope note: A Thirdness

time types
type: Class
subclass of: constituents
disjoint with: Class
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: location or place
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
definition: This grouping of SuperTypes is for all concepts with a time-related component, such as an activity that spans over time, an event which has a beginning and an end, or general time-related concepts.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the TimeTypes SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively minor typology.
scope note: A Secondness

times
type: Class
subclass of: time types
disjoint with: Class
  union of: AV info
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: artifacts
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: audio information
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: economic systems
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: facilities
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: information
  union of: living things
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: organic matter
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: products
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: situation types
  union of: structured information
  union of: visual information
  union of: written information
definition: This SuperType is for specific time or date or period (such as eras, or days, weeks, months type intervals) references in various formats
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the Times SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Firstness

topics categories
type: Class
subclass of: conceptual systems
alternative label: categories
alternative label: category
alternative label: topic
alternative label: topics
definition: This largely subject-oriented and conceptual category is where related topics or subjects "about" a given topic may be brought together, compared, related to one another, and provide a basis of real instances for the topic at hand. Topics bring together the concepts of a domain into meaningful groupings for inspecting and questioning the nature of the domain. There is, by definition, broad latitude as to how to group and relate the specific topics, including introducing new ones. The topics raised herein may often be good nucleating points for new categorizations.
editorial note: The OpenCyc topics goe here, starting with CycVocabularyTopLevelTopic (http://localhost:3602/cgi-bin/cg?cb-cf&c89438).
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the TopicsCategories SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.
scope note: A Secondness

triadic action
type: Class
subclass of: continuous
alternative label: semiosis
definition: Triadic action is when one event, A, produces a second event, B, that is a means to the production of a third event, C. An example of this action is 'A gives B to C'.
editorial note: Peirce's object-representamen-interpretant sign is an example of triadic action.
scope note: A Firstness

triadic monads
type: Class
subclass of: monads
alternative label: combination
alternative label: thought
alternative label: triadic monad
definition: Triadic monads are "indecomposable" elements that capture the ideas of combination, thought, mediation, and signs characteristic of Thirdness. Like all monads, they are possibles or potentials, and not actually realized in any way. They are the possible ways that such three-way relationships, or generals, might be understood in and of themselves, in isolation without respect to any other or contrast. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Thirdness

unary
type: Class
subclass of: logical connective
alternative label: Alogical refers to any relation that is not based upon a form of logic.
alternative label: unary logic
alternative label: unary relation
definition: There are 4 unary operations: 1) always true; 2) never true (unary falsum); 3) unary Identity; and 4) unary negation. As an "indecomposable," this category should be understood as the potential or possibility of this monad and not representative of the actual thing.
scope note: A Firstness

values
type: Class
subclass of: quantity
alternative label: amount
alternative label: value
alternative label: worth
definition: The value of an attribute is any number, amount or other mathematical object assigned to it, computed for it, or implied by a function as a result of a particular number being assigned to its argument. Values may be strings or numbers, with magnitudes or multitudes possible for the numbers.
editorial note: See CP 4.664.
scope note: A Firstness

visual information
type: Class
subclass of: AV info
disjoint with: Class
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: biological processes
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: living things
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: times
definition: The Visual Info SuperType is for any still image or picture or streaming video human work, with or without audio. Examples include graphics, pictures, movies, TV shows, individual shows from a TV show, etc.
editorial note: This is the tie-in point for the VisualInfo SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.

written information
type: Class
subclass of: information
disjoint with: Class
  union of: agents
  union of: animals
  union of: area or region
  union of: atoms or elements
  union of: biological processes
  union of: chemistry
  union of: diseases
  union of: drugs
  union of: eukaryotes
  union of: facilities
  union of: food or drink
  union of: geopolitical
  union of: living things
  union of: location or place
  union of: natural matter
  union of: natural substances
  union of: organic chemistry
  union of: organizations
  union of: persons
  union of: places
  union of: plants
  union of: prokaryotes
  union of: protists fungus
  union of: situation types
  union of: times
definition: This SuperType includes any general material written by humans including books, blogs, articles, manuscripts, but any written information conveyed via text.
scope note: A Secondness
scope note: This is the tie-in point for the WrittenInfo SuperType (ST); it connects to a relatively major typology with a comparatively large number of Entity Types.